Child Pornography: - Center for Problem-Oriented Policing

424. INVESTIGATION AND PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE, supra note 345, at 106.
425. Id.
426. See Privacy Protection Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000aa et seq.; Electronics Communications Privacy Act, 42
U.S.C. §§ 2510 et seq. & 2701 et seq.; Cable Communications Policy Act, 47 U.S.C. § 251 et seq. See also
Armagh, Battaglia & Lanning, supra note 5, at 20-22.
427. For a comprehensive guide on these issues, see the Department of Justice's portable guide Use of
Computers in the Sexual Exploitation of Children. Armagh, Battaglia & Lanning, supra note 5.
428. Lanning & Farley, supra note 95, at 21.
429. INVESTIGATION AND PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE, supra note 345, at 106.
430. Lanning, Cyber "Pedophiles, "supra note 7, *\ 4.13.
431. Id.
432. Id.
433. See Id.
434. PROSECUTING INTERNET CHILD EXPLOITATION CRIMES (James M. Peters ed., US Department of Justice, USABook
in press). For sample search warrants, see INVESTIGATION AND PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE, supra note 345; PROS-
ECUTING INTERNET CHILD EXPLOITATION CRIMES, supra this note; CHILD SEXUAL EXPLOITATION INVESTIGATIONS (TRAINING
MANUAL) (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention & Fox Valley Technical College 2000).
435. Walsh, supra note 412, at 10-5.
436. Personal communication from Lieutenant William Walsh, Dallas (Texas) Police Department (December
10,2000).
437. Lanning & Farley, supra note 95, at 19.
438. Personal communication from Lieutenant William Walsh, Dallas (Texas) Police Department (January
18,2001).
439. Personal communication from Lieutenant William Walsh, Dallas (Texas) Police Department (December
10,2000).
440. Armagh, Battaglia & Lanning, supra note 5, at 14.
441. Id.
442. See Armagh, Battaglia & Lanning, supra note 5; Janet E. Kosid, Considerations in Obtaining and
Using Expertise Search Warrants in Cases of Preferential Child Molesters, see Lanning, CHILD MOLESTERS,
supra note 31; Lanning & Farley, supra note 95, at 17, 19.
443. Id. See United States v. Rabe, 848 F.2d 994 (9th Cir. 1988) (search warrant executed in 1986 based in
part on 1984 seizure of obscene materials mailed to defendant upheld); State v. Batchelder, 824F.2d563 (7th
Circuit 1988) upholding warrant issued on nine-month-old information).
444. Armagh, Battaglia & Lanning, supra note 5, at 15. See also State v. Smith, 805 P.2d (Wash. Ct. App.
1991) (law-enforcement expert's opinion that defendant fit "pedophile profile" did not create probable cause
to search when affidavit failed to set forth description of recent criminal conduct); Hightower v. State, 736
S.W.2d 949 (Tex. Ct. App. 1987), aff'd, 822 S.W.2d 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (photographs of children,
pedophiliac literature, and pornographic materials reasonably included in warrant because officer testified
child molesters often possess such materials); In re Duncan, 234 Cal. Rptr. 877 (Ct. App.), cert. denied, 484
U.S. 985 (1987) (expert's assertions that defendant fit characteristics of pedophile and likely retained
materials for personal gratification, along with copy of letter to undercover agent with sexually explicit
photographs of children sufficient to constitute probable cause); People v. Frank, 700 P.2d 415 (Cal. 1985),
cert. denied, 111 S. Ct. 2816 (1991); People v. Holmsen, 219 Cal. Rptr. 598 (Ct. App. 1985). See also Kosid,
in Lanning, CHILD MOLESTERS, supra note 31, Lanning, CHILD SEX RINGS, supra note 77.
445. For a more detailed analysis of these exceptions, especially as they relate to computers used in the
sexual exploitation of children, see Armagh, Battaglia & Lanning, supra note 5, at 15-23.
446. United States v. Reed, 935 F.2d 641 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 1125 S.Ct. 923 (1991).
CHILD PORNOGRAPHY: THE CRIMINAL-JUSTICE-SYSTEM RESPONSE- 143