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Result #
Ref N.
Chemical Form
MW%
Test Species
Appendix 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
Lead
Page 3 of 3
Ref Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day
# of Conc/ Doses
Conc/ Doses
Conc/Dose Units
Wet Weight Reported?
Percent Moisture
Application Frequency
Method of Analyses
Route of Exposure
Exposure Duration
Duration Units
Age
Age Units
Lifestage
Sex
Control Type
Test Location
Effect Type
Effect Measure
Response Site
Study NOAEL
Study LOAEL
Body Weight Reported?
Body Weight in kg
Ingestion Rate Reported?
Ingestion Rate in kg/day or
L/day
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
Result Data Evaluation Score
104 2513 Anders et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 4 w NR NR AD M C Lab MOR MORT WO 6.25 Y 0.605 N 0.0420 6.3 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 3 4 73
105 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C Lab MOR MORT WO 2000 Y 0.233 N 0.0225 194 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 73
106 1415 Khan et al, 1993 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/400 mg/kg bw N EOD U GV 7 d 43 d JV F C Lab MOR MORT WO 400 N 1.6 N 0.0790 400 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 80
Data Not Used to Derive Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value
107 14638 Redig et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis ) 2 0/0.82 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 24 d NR NR AD B C Lab ITX INTX WO 0.820 N 1 N na 0.820 10 8 5 5 10 4 4 1 3 4 54
108 3736 Jordan and Bhatnagar, 1990 Lead acetate 54.61 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 0/80 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 7 mo JV F C Lab ENZ GSTR LI 80.0 N 1.1 N 0.0619 1.71 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 6 10 4 60
109 2764 Mazliah et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 25 w 1 d JV B V Lab CHM CALC EG 5.0 Y 2 N 0.0914 2.73 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 1 3 4 56
110 2764 Mazliah et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 25 w 42 w JV B V Lab GRO BDWT WO 5.0 Y 2 N 0.0914 2.73 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 1 3 4 63
111 2764 Mazliah et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 25 w 1 d JV F V Lab REP PROG WO 5.0 Y 2 N 0.0914 2.73 10 8 10 5 10 10 4 1 3 4 65
112 6291 Stone and Fox, 1984 lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/5.4/16.2 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d NR NR AD B C Lab CHM HMGL BL 16.2 Y 0.0455 N 0.0078 2.77 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65
113 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 0/25/50 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 4 w NR NR NR F C Lab CHM CALC BL 50.0 N 1.81 Y 0.118 3.26 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 8 10 4 62
114 2521 Baksi and Kenny, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/0.032/0.32/3.2/16.0 mg/ml N NR U DR 15 d 1 w JV F C NR CHM VTD3 KI 0.032 0.32 Y 0.08 N 0.0109 4.34 43.4 10 5 5 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 64
115 2668 Haegele et al. 1974 Lead mixture 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 85 d NR NR SM F C FieldA ITX INTX WO 100 N 1.2 N 0.0655 5.46 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 6 4 59
116 2668 Haegele et al. 1974 Lead mixture 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 85 d NR NR SM F C FieldA MOR MORT WO 100 N 1.1 N 0.0619 5.63 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 1 3 4 61
117 2771 Meluzzi et al., 1996 Lead oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 0/20/30/100 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 75 d 22 w JV F C Lab FDB FCNS WO 100 N 1.6 Y 0.1403 8.77 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 6 4 60
118 2591 Dietz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/org N 7 per w U GV 6 d NR NR AD M V Lab MOR MORT WO 6.25 Y 0.48 N 0.0361 13.0 10 8 5 5 6 9 4 10 3 4 64
119 25894 Dauwe, et al. 2002 Lead acetate 100 Zebra finch (Poephila guttata ) 3 0/25/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 d NR NR AD M C Lab MOR MORT WO 25.0 100 N 0.001 N 0.00058 14.4 57.7 10 5 5 5 5 9 8 10 3 4 64
120 2573 ConNr et al., 1994 Lead 100 Nrthern Bobwhites 2 0/360 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 17 w JV M C Lab FDB FCNS WO 360 N 0.16 Y 0.0110 24.8 10 10 5 4 6 4 4 1 3 4 51
121 2573 ConNr et al., 1994 Lead 100 Nrthern Bobwhites 2 0/360 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 17 w JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 360 N 0.16 Y 0.0110 24.8 10 10 5 4 6 8 4 1 3 4 55
122 2744 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab MOR SURV WO 1000 N 1.3 N 0.0690 53.1 10 10 5 5 5 9 4 1 10 4 63
123 2638 Frederick, 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 0/5/50/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR V FieldA BEH NMVM WO 500 N 0.092 N 0.0123 66.9 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 63
124 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 w 14 w JV F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.145 Y 0.027 93.1 10 10 5 5 7 8 4 1 10 4 64
125 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 d JV M C Lab ORW SMIX AR 1000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 126 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 3 10 4 61
126 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100 Goose (Anser cygnide s) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA FDB FCNS WO 2000 N 2.27 Y 0.2220 196 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 59
127 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100 Goose (Anser cygNides) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA GRO BDWT WO 2000 N 2.27 Y 0.2220 196 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 63
128 2635 Franson and Custer, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1850 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 28 d 1 d JV NR C Lab MOR MORT WO 1850 Y 0.1614 N 0.0178 203 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 1 10 4 64
129 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 3000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 377 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 3 10 4 65
130 14383 Simpson et al, 1970 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 0/5000/10000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 3 w 4 w JV M C Lab CHM PCLV BL 10000 N 1.042 N 0.0598 574 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 1 10 4 55
131 2605 Edens, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 12 w 1 w JV F C NR ENZ ACHE BR 1.0 Y 0.157 N 0.0174 0.111 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65
132 14638 Redig et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis ) 2 0/0.82 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 24 d NR NR AD B C Lab CHM PORP BL 0.82 N 1 N na 0.820 10 8 5 5 10 1 4 10 3 4 60
133 2757 Majumdar et al., 1995 Lead nitrate 62.56 House sparrow (Passer domesticus ) 2 0/50 ug/org/d N 6 U GV 6 d 0 w SM B C Lab CHM Other IN 50.0 Y 0.025 Y na 1.25 10 8 5 10 7 1 4 10 3 4 62
134 2897 Stone et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/25 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 25.0 Y 0.036 N 0.00668 4.64 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65
135 2513 Anders et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 2 w NR NR AD M C Lab CHM RBCE BL 6.25 Y 0.605 N 0.0420 6.25 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 3 4 65
136 2734 Kendall and Scanlon, 1981 Lead acetate 100 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 2 0/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 1 w NR NR AD F C Lab GRS BDWT WO 100 N 0.123 N 0.0145 11.8 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 62
137 2591 Dietz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/org N 7 per w U GV 67 d NR NR AD M V Lab BEH ACTP WO 6.25 Y 0.48 N 0.0361 13.0 10 8 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 64
138 2591 Dietz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/org N 7 per w U GV 56 d NR NR AD M V Lab HIS EDMA CR 6.25 Y 0.48 N 0.0361 13.0 10 8 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 64
139 2744 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab CHM NPSH LI 1000 N 1.3 N 0.0690 53.1 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 64
140 2576 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 3 0/1000/3000 mg/L N DLY U DR 15 d NR NR NR M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.628 Y 0.0400 63.7 10 5 5 5 7 8 4 10 6 4 64
141 2576 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 3 0/1000/3000 mg/L N DLY U DR 61 d NR NR NR M C Lab ITX GITX WO 1000 Y 0.628 Y 0.0400 63.7 10 5 5 5 7 4 4 10 3 4 57
142 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 500 Y 0.103 N 0.0133 64.3 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65
143 2748 Leeming and Donaldson, 1984 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 19 d 1 d JV M C Lab CHM GLTH LI 1000 N 0.46 N 0.0351 76.3 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 64
144 429 Donaldson, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 22 w JV M C Lab CHM NEFA BL 1000 Y 0.458 N 0.0350 76.4 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65
145 2600 Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab CHM NPSH LI 2000 Y 0.384 N 0.0312 163 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65
146 429 Donaldson, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab CHM NEFA BL 2000 Y 0.297 N 0.0264 178 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65
147 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C Lab CHM TRYP BL 2000 Y 0.233 N 0.0225 194 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65
148 2635 Franson and Custer, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1850 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 d 1 d JV NR C Lab CHM HMGL BL 1850 Y 0.0692 N 0.0102 273 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65
149 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 3000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 377 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65
The abbreviations and definitions used in coding data are provided in Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL Guidance (U.S.EPA, 2003).
Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)
Data Source
Dose Route
Test Concentrations
Chemical form
Dose Quantification
Endpoint
Dose Range
Statistical Power
Exposure Duration
Test Conditions
Total