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Research resources References 1. The Republic of Cuba has a population of 11.24 million inhabitants, 75.5% of whom live in urban areas of this Caribbean island which possesses a tropical climate. Ministerio de Relaciones. 2007. Exteriores. Mirar a Cuba: La Isla y a su gente. www.cubaminrex.cu/Mirar_Cuba/La_isla/provincias.htm 2. Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. Datos de población. República de Cuba. Source: www.one.cu/aec2004indicec2.htm 3. Síntesis biográfica. Tomás Romay: www.infomed.sld.cu/romay/segundo2.html 4. Lopez J.1987. Finlay: El hombre y la verdad científica.. Editorial. Científico Técnica 5. Cabrera N. 2001. Un Finlaísta convencido - Pedro Kourí, maestro Un finlaísta convencido. Rev Cubana Med Trop, Mayo-ago., Vol.53, No.2, p.90-96. 6. Delgado G. 2000.Conferencias. En el 90 Aniversario de la fundación en Cuba del primer Ministerio de Salud del Mundo. ACIMED; 8 (1): 60-63. 7. Riverón R, Azcuy P. 2001. Mortalidad infantil en Cuba 1959-1999. Rev Cub Ped; 73 (3): 143-57. 8. República de Cuba, Ministerio de Salud Pública. 2007. Estadísticas de salud en Cuba. Anuario estadístico 2006. Ciudad de la Habana. Ministerio de Salud Pública. 9. Castro A, Singer M. 2004. Pearls of the Antilles? Public Health in Hayti and Cuba. Eds. Unhealthy Health Policy, A critical anthropological examination. Walnut Creek. California. Altamira Press. 10. Más LP. 1999. Eradication of poliomyelitis in Cuba: a historical perspective. Bull Health Organ.; 77 (8): 681-687. 11. Rico O, Bravo J, Gonzalez MO. 1994. Efectividad de la Vacuna VA- MENGOC-BC de 0 a 5 años en Cuba. Primer año de observación. Rev Cubana Med. Trop.; 46(2): 94-98 12. Sierra GV, Campa HC, Varcacel NM, Garcia IL, Izquierdo PL, Sotolongo PF, et al. 1991. Vaccine against group B. Neisseria meinigitidis: protection trial and mass vaccination results in Cuba. NIPH Ann; 14(2): 195-207. 13. Galván E, Bravo J, Castañeda C, Toledo G, González A, Delgado MG. 1992. Ensayo de Campo de la vacuna recombinante cubana contra la Hepatitis B (Heberbiovac-HB): estudio en recién nacidos hijos de madres AgsHB positivas. Rev Cubana Med Trop;44(2): 149-57 14. Pedroso P, Rodríguez L, Díaz M. 2001. Immunogenicity of the Cuban recombinant DNA vaccine in young adults. Infectious Diseases Review,.3(3):138-142. 15. Díaz M, Rodriguez L, Pedroso P, Bravo J, Dorta D, Sariol A. 1994. Inmunogenicidad de la vacuna cubana contra la hepatitis B (Heberbiovac- HB) administrada simultáneamente con otras vacunas del Programa Ampliado de Inmunización. Avances en Biotecnología Moderna;2:26. 16. Verez V, Fernández V, Hardy E, Toledo ME, Rodríguez MC, Heynngnezz L, Rodríguez A, Baly A, Herrera L, Izquierdo M, Villar A, Valdés Y, Cosme K, Deler M, Montane M, García E, Ramos A, Aguilar A, Medina E, Toraño G, Sosa I, Hernández I, Martínez R, Muzachio A, Carmenates A, Costa L, Cardoso F, Campa C, Díaz M, Roy R. 2004. A Synthetic conjugate polysaccharide vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b. Science;35:522-525 17. Baly G., Toledo ME. 2004. Immunogenicity and Safety of the Cuban Vaccine Candidate against Haemophilus Influenzae Type b Infection. International Journal of Infectious Disease. Vol 5 Sup 1. 2004. 18. Toraño G, Toledo ME, Baly A, Fernández-Santana V, Rodríguez F, Alvarez Y, Serrano T, Musachio A, Hernández I, Hardy E, Rodríguez A, Hernández H, Aguilar A, Sánchez R, Díaz M , Muzio V, Dfana J, Rodríguez MC, Heynngnezz L, Verez-Bencomo V. 2006. Phase I clinical evaluation of a synthetic oligosaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b in human adult volunteers. Clin Vaccine Immunol;13(9):1052-6. 19. Hermida L, Bernardo L, Martin J, Alvarez M, Prado I, Lopez C, Sierra Bde L, Martinez R, Rodriguez R, Zulueta A, Perez AB, Lazo L, Rosario D, Guillen G, Guzman MG. 2006. A recombinant fusion protein containing the domain III of the dengue-2 envelope protein is immunogenic and protective in nonhuman primates. Vaccine. Apr 12; 24(16):3165-71. Epub 2006 Feb 3. 20. Guzmán MG. Kouri G. 2002. Dengue: an update. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. Vol. 2 :33- 42. 21. Castano G, Mesa R, Fernández L, Illnait J, Mesa M, Álvarez E, et al. 2003. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of policosanol with atorvastatin in elderly patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia. Drugs Aging.;20(2):153-63. 22. Llerena LD, Quirós JJ, Sainz B, Valdés JA, Zorio B, Villanueva LH, Filgueiras CE, Cabrera F, Echarte JC, Pérez del Todo JM, Guerrero I, López L, García EJ, Nadal B, Betancourt BY, Díaz-Rojo G, García AI, and López- Saura P. 2004. Angiographic potency study of an albumin-free recombinant streptokinase formulation in acute myocardial infarction. J Pharm Sci 7[3], 372-7. 23. Pérez J, Pérez D, González I, Díaz M, Orta M, Aragonés C., .et al. 2004. Approaches to the management of HIV/AIDS in Cuba. Perspectives and practice in antiretroviral treatment: Case study. Geneva: World Health Organization; p. 1-13. 24. De la Osa JA.2007. Centro de Inmunoensayo y su tecnología SUMA. Auténtica joya de la ciencia en Cuba. www.cubaminrex.cu/Mirar_Cuba/Ciencia/ctcentro%20de%20 inmunoensayo %20y%20su%20tecnologia%20suma tc.htm 25. The Cuba IPV Study Collaborative Group. 2007. Randomized placebocontrolled trial of inactivated poliovirus vaccine in Cuba. New England J Med;356:1536-44. 26. Franco M, Kenelly JF, Cooper RS, Orduñez-García P. 2007. La salud en Cuba y los objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Rev Panam Salud Publica/ Pan Am J Public Health 21 (4),. 239-250. 27. Sansom C. 2007.Tackling infectious diseases in Cuba. The Lancet. Vol 7. June. Pp: 376. 28. Chomsky A. 2000. The treat of a good example: health and revolution in Cuba. En Kim JY, Milleen JV, Irwin A, Gersham J, eds. Dying for growth: global inequality and health of the poor. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press;. Pp. 331-357. 29. World Health Organization. 2007. Making a difference. 30 years of research and capacity building in tropical diseases. UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. ISBN 978 92 4 1595575. 30. World Health Organization. 2006. Health situation analysis in the Africa Region. Basic Indicators 2006. WHO Regional Office for Africa . 31. World Health Organization. 2007. World Health Statistics 2007. WHO. ISBN 978921563406. Global Forum Update on Research for Health Volume 4 ✜ 115
Research resources Nursing research: meeting today’s health challenges – perspectives from the International Council of Nurses Article by Judith A Oulton (pictured) and Patricia Caldwell Today’s health systems face an ever burgeoning number of challenges, ranging from health care reform to the demands of shifting demographics; the growing burden of chronic, noncommunicable diseases; emerging and reemerging health problems; shrinking resources; and health workforce shortages. The quest for quality and cost-effective health care has brought evidence-based practice and nursing research to the forefront. This article begins by briefly exploring nursing’s contribution to health research. It highlights nursing research priorities and concludes with an overview on strengthening nursing’s contribution to research and offering suggestions on the way forward from an international perspective. Nursing’s contribution to health research Nursing research plays a major role in optimizing the health and welfare of individuals, families, communities and populations, and in reducing inequalities in health. Nursing research encompasses inquiry into all aspects, components, activities and phenomenon relating to health and of interest to nurses 1 . It covers all facets of health and disease, spanning from health promotion and illness prevention, to curative, rehabilitative and supportive care 2 . Nursing research examines the provision of care across all health settings including hospitals, long-term care facilities, workplaces, schools, community health centres, clinics, rehabilitation centres and homes 3 . The knowledge generated through nursing research provides the scientific basis and evidence that help shape nursing practice, enhance delivery models and systems, guide health service planning and policy, inform education and, most importantly, improve patient safety and quality of care. Nurses are active in various aspects of research. They serve as principal investigators, project directors and co-principal investigators. As well they participate as advisory board and committee members on research projects and function as data collectors. Nurses may work independently, together with other nurses or in multidisciplinary research teams alongside other disciplines such as medicine and pharmacy. Increasingly, nurses are employed by the pharmaceutical industry to coordinate clinical trials evaluating new medications. Box 1 provides a number of examples illustrating the varied expertise and contribution nurse researchers are making to nursing, health and health systems research. Indeed, the past decade has witnessed an exponential growth in both the quantity and quality of nursing research. Its development has been influenced in part by the recognition of the importance of research to the profession and an expansion in the number of graduate and doctoral programmes available to nurses. A rise in the number of institutions funding, supporting and conducting nursing research has also been a good indicator of its growth and development. Examples of such organizations include the United States National Institute of Nursing Research; the International Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Clinical Training in Nursing; the Research Centre for Nursing and Midwifery Practice in Australia; the Canadian Health Services Research Foundation; the World Health Organization Collaborating Centres for Nursing Research and Development; and the Working Group of European Nurse Researchers. Also noteworthy is a steady increase in the number of high-quality journals and text books devoted to nursing research and the growth in scientific events at national, regional and international levels. In addition, more countries have begun developing and adopting national research plans for nursing, such is the case in Ireland and Denmark 14,15 . Nursing research priorities The International Council of Nurses’ (ICN) position with respect to nursing research is embodied in the 1987 statement on the organization’s role in research and considered equally relevant today: “ICN is convinced of the importance of nursing research as a major contribution to meeting the health and welfare needs of people. The continuous and rapid scientific developments in a changing world highlight the need for research as a means of identifying new knowledge, improving professional education and practice, and effectively utilizing resources [….] ICN believes that nursing research should be socially relevant. It should look to the future while drawing on the 118 ✜ Global Forum Update on Research for Health Volume 4
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Contents 096 Child immunization: ac
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Introduction Research contributions
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Introduction Type I Type II Type II
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Introduction making), takes account
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Access to health Strengthening heal
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Access to health Understanding heal
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Access to health threatening and se
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Access to health Open access to res
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Access to health national and globa
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Access to health Senior Research Fe
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Access to health ✜ Rights alone a
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Access to health meaningful communi
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Decision-making Several strategies
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To achieve better health, particula
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