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Research resources<br />

We encourage o<strong>the</strong>r national governments <strong>to</strong> follow this lead<br />

<strong>and</strong> fund a broad portfolio of research in this area. Some<br />

countries are already supporting <strong>the</strong>ir scientists <strong>to</strong> research <strong>the</strong><br />

male reproductive system <strong>and</strong> develop methods <strong>to</strong> regulate<br />

male fertility, but governments need <strong>to</strong> do more in terms of<br />

funding, networking, partnering <strong>and</strong> political support. It is now<br />

clearly apparent that only through <strong>the</strong> combined efforts of<br />

scientists, not-for-profit research organizations, governments<br />

<strong>and</strong> international organizations will <strong>the</strong> hope of greater access<br />

<strong>to</strong> family planning through delivery of methods for men <strong>to</strong> use<br />

be realized. We are strongly committed <strong>to</strong> this goal <strong>and</strong><br />

encourage greater public-sec<strong>to</strong>r involvement <strong>and</strong> investment in<br />

this important area of research. ❏<br />

The author is a staff member of <strong>the</strong> World Health<br />

Organization. The author alone is responsible for <strong>the</strong> views<br />

expressed in this publication <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y do not necessarily<br />

represent <strong>the</strong> decisions or <strong>the</strong> stated policy of <strong>the</strong> World Health<br />

Organization.<br />

Kirsten M Vogelsong is a scientist in <strong>the</strong> Department of<br />

Reproductive Health <strong>and</strong> Research at <strong>the</strong> World Health Organization<br />

in Geneva, Switzerl<strong>and</strong>. She manages a portfolio of activities related<br />

<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> research <strong>and</strong> development of new methods of contraception,<br />

with a focus on male sexual <strong>and</strong> reproductive <strong>health</strong> <strong>and</strong> fertility<br />

regulation. Dr Vogelsong received a BA degree from Penn State <strong>and</strong><br />

a PhD in Neurobiology <strong>and</strong> Physiology from Northwestern University.<br />

She has previously worked in academic research labora<strong>to</strong>ries <strong>and</strong> in<br />

project management at <strong>the</strong> United States Agency for International<br />

Development’s Office of Population.<br />

Henry L Gabelnick is <strong>the</strong> Executive Direc<strong>to</strong>r of CONRAD <strong>and</strong> also<br />

a professor in <strong>the</strong> Department of Obstetrics <strong>and</strong> Gynaecology at<br />

Eastern Virginia Medical School. CONRAD has as its mission <strong>the</strong><br />

improvement of reproductive <strong>health</strong> with emphasis on developing<br />

countries. Dr Gabelnick received BS <strong>and</strong> MS degrees from MIT <strong>and</strong><br />

his PhD from Prince<strong>to</strong>n University. He currently is <strong>the</strong> President of<br />

<strong>the</strong> Society for <strong>the</strong> Advancement of Reproductive Care. He has also<br />

served on <strong>the</strong> boards of <strong>the</strong> Alliance for Microbicide Development,<br />

Biosyn, Inc. <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> International Partnership for Microbicides.<br />

Eberhard Nieschlag is currently President of <strong>the</strong> German Society<br />

of Andrology. Following his studies of Medicine in Bonn <strong>and</strong> Munich<br />

<strong>and</strong> Biochemistry in London, Professor Nieschlag worked at various<br />

departments of Internal Medicine of University Hospitals in Germany<br />

<strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> Reproduction Research Branch at <strong>the</strong> NIH in Be<strong>the</strong>sda.<br />

He is specialized in internal medicine, endocrinology <strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong>rology.<br />

He was Direc<strong>to</strong>r of <strong>the</strong> Max-Planck Clinical Research Unit for<br />

Reproductive Medicine at <strong>the</strong> University of Muenster from 1980 <strong>to</strong><br />

1988 <strong>and</strong> has since <strong>the</strong>n been Direc<strong>to</strong>r of <strong>the</strong> Institute of<br />

Reproductive Medicine of <strong>the</strong> University of Münster, which is a longst<strong>and</strong>ing<br />

WHO Collaborating Centre for Research in Male<br />

Reproduction <strong>and</strong> a training centre of <strong>the</strong> European Academy of<br />

Andrology. For many years, Professor Nieschlag was a member of <strong>the</strong><br />

WHO Steering Committee for <strong>the</strong> Regulation of Male Fertility <strong>and</strong><br />

was its Chairman from 1985 <strong>to</strong> 1990. He was President of <strong>the</strong><br />

German Society of Endocrinology, <strong>the</strong> International Society of<br />

Andrology, <strong>the</strong> European Academy of Andrology <strong>the</strong> German Society<br />

for Reproductive Medicine. The most recent of <strong>the</strong> many awards<br />

Professor Nieschlag received is <strong>the</strong> Distinguished Andrologist 2007<br />

of <strong>the</strong> American Society of Andrology.<br />

References<br />

1.<br />

United Nations Department of Economic <strong>and</strong> Social Affairs, Population<br />

Division. World Contraceptive Use 2005, 2005. Available at website<br />

http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/contraceptive2005/WCU2005.h<br />

tm (accessed July 2007).<br />

2.<br />

Return of <strong>the</strong> Population Growth Fac<strong>to</strong>r – Its Impact Upon <strong>the</strong> Millennium<br />

Development Goals, 2007. Report of hearings by <strong>the</strong> All Party Parliamentary<br />

Group on Population, Development <strong>and</strong> Reproductive Health, House of<br />

Commons, London.<br />

3.<br />

The World Bank. Population issues in <strong>the</strong> 21st century – <strong>the</strong> role of <strong>the</strong> World<br />

Bank. Health, Nutrition <strong>and</strong> Population Discussion Paper, 2007.<br />

4.<br />

Heinemann K et al. Attitudes <strong>to</strong>ward male fertility control: results of a<br />

multinational survey on four continents. Human Reproduction, 2005,<br />

20(2):549-556.<br />

5.<br />

Martin CW et al. Potential impact of hormonal male contraception: crosscultural<br />

implications for development of novel preparations. Human<br />

Reproduction, 2000, 15(3):637-645.<br />

6.<br />

ICPD Programme of Action, paragraph 12.14. Available at website<br />

http://www.unfpa.org/icpd/icpd_poa.htm#ch12b (accessed July 2007).<br />

7.<br />

Gardner R, Blackburn RD, Upadhay UD. Closing <strong>the</strong> condom gap. Population<br />

Reports, April 1999, Series H, No 9. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University<br />

School of Public Health, Population Information Program.<br />

8.<br />

Upadhay UD. New contraceptive choices. Population Reports, April 2005,<br />

Series M, No. 19. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public<br />

Health, The INFO project. Available at website<br />

http://www.populationreports.org/m19/<br />

9.<br />

Lohiya NK et al. Vas deferens, a site of male contraception: an overview.<br />

Asian Journal of Andrology, 2001, 3:87-95.<br />

10.<br />

Sokal DC. Recent research on vasec<strong>to</strong>my techniques. Asian Journal of<br />

Andrology, 2003, 5:227-230.<br />

11.<br />

World Health Organization Task Force on Methods for <strong>the</strong> Regulation of Male<br />

Fertility. Contraceptive efficacy of tes<strong>to</strong>sterone-induced azoospermia in normal<br />

men. The Lancet, 1990, 336:955-959.<br />

12.<br />

World Health Organization Task Force on Methods for <strong>the</strong> Regulation of Male<br />

Fertility. Contraceptive efficacy of tes<strong>to</strong>sterone-induced azoospermia <strong>and</strong><br />

oligozoospermia in normal men. Fertility <strong>and</strong> Sterility, 1996, 65:821-829.<br />

13.<br />

Gu Y-Q et al. A multicenter contraceptive efficacy study of injectable<br />

tes<strong>to</strong>sterone undecanoate in <strong>health</strong>y Chinese men. Journal of Clinical<br />

Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2003, 88:562-568.<br />

14.<br />

Meriggiola MC, Farley TM, Mbizvo MT. A review of <strong>and</strong>rogen-progestin<br />

regimens for male contraception. Journal of Andrology, 2003,<br />

24(4):466-483.<br />

15.<br />

Wenk M, Nieschlag E. Male contraception: a realistic option? European<br />

Journal of Contraception <strong>and</strong> Reproductive Health Care, 2006,<br />

11:69-80.<br />

16.<br />

Kamischke A et al. Intramuscular tes<strong>to</strong>sterone undecanoate <strong>and</strong><br />

norethisterone enanthate in a clinical trial for male contraception. Journal of<br />

Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2001, 86:303-309.<br />

17.<br />

Kamischke A et al. An effective hormonal male contraceptive using<br />

tes<strong>to</strong>sterone undecanoate with oral or injectable norethisterone preparations.<br />

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2002, 87:530-539.<br />

18.<br />

Meriggiola MC et al. Norethisterone enanthate plus tes<strong>to</strong>sterone undecanoate<br />

for male contraception: effects of varions injection intervals on<br />

sperma<strong>to</strong>genesis, reproductive hormones, testis <strong>and</strong> prostate. Journal of<br />

Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2005, 90:2005-2014.<br />

19.<br />

Nieschlag E, Behre HM. Tes<strong>to</strong>sterone in male contraception. In: Nieschlag <strong>and</strong><br />

Behre (eds), Tes<strong>to</strong>sterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution, 2nd edition,<br />

1998, Springer Heidelberg, pp.513-528.<br />

20.<br />

10th Summit Meeting Consensus: Recommendations for regula<strong>to</strong>ry approval<br />

for hormonal male contraception. International Journal of Andrology, 2007,<br />

30:63-64.<br />

130 ✜ Global Forum Update on Research for Health Volume 4

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