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Research resources References 1. International Council of Nurses. Practical Guide for Nursing Research, 1998. Edited by WL Holzemer. Geneva: ICN. 2. International Council of Nurses. Nursing Research: A Tool for Action, 2002. Geneva: ICN. Available: http://www.icn.ch/matters_research.htm 3. Ibid. ICN, 1998. 4. International Council of Nurses. Research Network Bulletin N° 13, 2007. Geneva: ICN. Available: http://icn.ch/resnetbulletin.htm 5. The National Institute of Nursing Research. HIV Prevention Program Reaching Hispanic Youths Reduces Risky Sexual Behaviors, 2006. Available: http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/aug2006/ninr-07.htm 6. Royal College of Nursing. Nurse Researchers Find Hidden Early Symptoms of Lung Cancer, 2003. London: RCN. Available: http://www.rcn.org.uk/news/display.php?ID=409&area=Press 7. Nursing Spectrum. Nurse Researchers Find Faster Way to Counter Malignant Hyperthermia, 2007. Washington: Gannett Healthcare Group Available: http://news.nurse.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/ 20070611/OR/306110014/1016 8. International Centre for Nurse Migration. ICNM eNews, 2006. Philadelphia: ICNM. Available: http://www.intlnursemigration.org/ download/enews/ICNMeNEWS-Autumn2006.pdf 9. The National Institute of Nursing Research. Changing Practice, Changing Lives: 10 Landmark Nursing Research Studies, 2006. http://www.ninr.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/6F8585AD-A8AC-40D1-B368- 84704AF4EED1/0/10LandmarkNursingResearchStudies.pdf 10. Snow T. Trust rejects money-saving specialist diabetes post. Nursing Standard, 2007, 21 (24). London: RCN Publishing Company Limited. 11. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Interdisciplinary Nursing Quality Research Initiative, 2007. Available: http://www.inqri.org/# 12. Ibid. The National Institute of Nursing Research, 2006. 13. Ibid. The National Institute of Nursing Research, 2006. 14. Department of Health and Children. A Research Strategy for Nursing and Midwifery in Ireland: Final Report, 2003. Dublin: The Stationary Office. Available: http://www.ncnm.ie/files/Research%20Strategy%202003.pdf 15. Danish Nurses’ Organization. National Strategy for Nursing Research 2005-2010, 2005. Denmark: DNO. 16. International Council of Nurses. Ethics in Nursing Practice: A Guide to Ethical Decision-making (second edition), 2002. Geneva: ICN. 17. Ibid. International Council of Nurses, 2002. 18. Ibid. ICN, 2002. 19. Ibid. ICN, 2002. 20. Oulton J. Nursing Research Needs our Stewardship Now, 2007. Manuscript sumbitted for publication. 21. Ibid. Oulton, 2007. 22. ICN. Position Statement: Nursing Research, 1999. Geneva: ICN. Available: http://www.icn.ch/psresearch99.htm 23. International Council of Nurses. Practical Guide for Nursing Research, 1998. Edited by WL Holzemer. Geneva: ICN. 24. Ibid. Oulton, 2007. Global Forum Update on Research for Health Volume 4 ✜ 121
Research resources The need to develop research capacity Article by Mary Ann D Lansang (pictured) and Rodolfo J Dennis The need for health research capacity strengthening (RCS) is widely recognized as a major unmet need, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) 1,2,3,4 . Despite revolutionary advances in health research, science and technology, health gains among the poor continue to lag far behind the pace of health improvement among the wealthy. RCS efforts, which have been largely uncoordinated and inadequately funded, have yet to make a significant impact on addressing the widening inequities in health and health human resources. Recent global, regional and national developments have made the agenda of RCS all the more important and urgent. Moreover, new challenges for RCS have emerged as a result of these developments. In response, three international bodies – the Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED), the Global Forum for Health Research, and the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) – agreed to collaborate, in order to support and to improve the performance of national health research systems, particularly in LMICs 5 . In this paper, we review recent developments and discuss the implications and opportunities for strategic action for strengthening research capacity. Recent trends influencing health RCS To determine the opportunities and strategies for RCS in the future, it is necessary to track new developments that are likely to affect RCS initiatives. Key developments have been selected from the following spheres of influence: the policy environment, the different research actors, major health problems, and the tools and competencies for health research. Global health policy environment There is strong convergence in the international community on the importance of strong health systems in achieving the goals of improved health and alleviating poverty. Likewise, the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, the countries resolving to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria have underscored the need for health research to support the goals of health and development. This was reiterated in November 2004 by delegates at the Ministerial Summit on Health Research and Forum 8 in Mexico City, even as they recognized the limited capacity in LMICs to tackle the research agenda for development 3,4 . Funds for health research Resource flows for health research significantly increased from US$ 84.9 billion in 1998 to US$ 125.8 in 2003. However, it has been difficult to track how much of the global health research funds go to RCS. International health research (IHR) has been used as a proxy for RCS. This consists largely of official development assistance (ODA) to build and strengthen “health research for development” and has seen a moderate increase in funding from 1998 to 2001, with further increases projected until 2006, notably from the USA, UK, France, Italy and Germany 6 . In 2003, a notable research programme with a sizeable RCS component was launched by the European Commission: the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP). This long-term programme has initially obligated a total of €600 million for 2003–2007 to develop new interventions against HIV/AIDS, malaria and TB, with the collaboration of European and African scientists. In recent years, the private not-for-profit sector, led by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, has also increasingly caught the attention and imagination of health researchers with its targeted and high-stakes approach to selected IHR initiatives such as the Grand Challenges in Global Health and the Global HIV/AIDS Vaccine Enterprise. The steady increases in funds for IHR are potential opportunities for RCS. However, since the bulk of the huge IHR grants are coursed through scientists and institutions from High-income countries (HICs), national health research systems and researchers in LMICs need to be strengthened to negotiate fairly and squarely throughout the research process. Emerging public health problems Infectious diseases, nutrition and child and maternal health continue to be major public health concerns in LMICs and among the poor in HICs. But epidemiological trends in LMICs warn against equally disastrous consequences in morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and other chronic diseases. Global Forum Update on Research for Health Volume 4 ✜ 123
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Introduction Research contributions
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Access to health Strengthening heal
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