Comprehensive Risk Assessment for Natural Hazards - Planat

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Comprehensive risk assessment for natural hazards 35 Figure 4.1 — Flow chart for the mitigation of volcanic hazards and risk assessments
36 Chapter 4 — Volcanic hazards Figure 4.2 — Hawaiian type (Type example, Hawaii, USA) Figure 4.3 — Pelean type (Type example Mt Pelé, Martinique, French West Indies) Figure 4.4 — Plinian type (Defined at Vesuvius, Italy) Figure 4.5 — Vulcanian type (Defined at Vulcano, Italy) SO 2 Sulfur dioxide CO 2 Carbon dioxide HF Hydrofluoric acid, etc. Figure 4.6 — Strombolian type (Defined at Stromboli, Italy) Figure 4.7 — Sketch of gas emission Figure 4.9 — Sketch of a landslide Figure 4.8 — Sketch of a lahar Fig. 4.10 — Sketch of a tsunami 4.2 DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN VOLCANIC HAZARDS An active volcano can produce different hazards as defined by the IAVCEI (1990). These can be subdivided into: • Primary or direct hazards due to the direct impact of the eruption products. • Secondary or indirect hazards due to secondary consequences of an eruption. 4.2.1 Direct hazards One can distinguish four principal types of direct volcanic hazards (Holmes, 1965). These are: lava flows; pyroclastic flows; ash fulls and block falls; and gases: (a) Lava flows (Figure 4.2); (b) Pyroclastic flows such as pumice flow, nuée ardente, base surge, … (Figure 4.3); (c) Ash falls and block falls (Figures 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6); (d) Gases (Figure 4.7).
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Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS AUTHORS AND EDITORS . . .
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