<strong>Comprehensive</strong> risk assessment <strong>for</strong> natural hazards of phenomena, improper parameters in these models, among other sources. Vulnerability: Degree of loss (from 0 to 100 per cent) resulting from a potentially damaging phenomenon. Wave energy: The capacity of waves to do work. The energy of a wave system is theoretically proportional to the square of the wave height, and the actual height of the waves (being a relatively easily measured parameter) is a useful index to wave energy. Willingness to pay: The amount of money that a person will pay to reduce fatality and (or) nonfatal risks Wind set-up: The vertical rise in the still water level on the leeward (downwind) side of a body of water caused by wind stresses on the surface of the water. 100-year flood: The 100-year flood has a fixed magnitude Q 100 and exceedance frequency 1/100. 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