Elderly Nutrition - Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion - US ...

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Nord, M., Kabbani, N., Tiehen, L., Andrews, M., Bickel, G., & Carlson, S. (2002). Household Food Security in the United States, 2000: Measuring Food Security in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Quandt, S.A., Arcury, T.A., Bell, R.A., McDonald, J., & Vitolins, M.Z. (2001). The social and nutritional meaning of food sharing among older rural adults. Journal of Aging Studies, 15, 145-162. Quandt, S.A., & Rao, P. (1999). Hunger and food security among older adults in a rural community. Human Organizations, 58(1), 28-35. Radimer, K.L., Olson, C.M., Greene, J.C. , Campbell, C.C., & Habicht, J.P. (1992). Understanding hunger and developing indicators to assess it in women and children. Journal of Nutrition Education, 24, 36S-45S. Roe, D.A. (1990). In-home nutritional assessment of inner-city elderly. Journal of Nutrition, 120(Suppl. 11), 1538-1543. Torres-Gil, F.M. (1996). Malnutrition and hunger in the elderly. Nutrition Reviews, 54(1), S7-S8. Tuma, N., & Hannan, M. (1984). Social Dynamics: Models and Methods. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Wolfe, W.S., Olson, C.M., Kendall, A., & Frongillo, E.A. (1996). Understanding food insecurity in the elderly: A conceptual framework. Journal of Nutrition Education, 28, 92-100. Wolfe, W.S., Olson, C.M., Kendall, A., & Frongillo, E.A. (1998). Hunger and food insecurity in the elderly: Its nature and measurement. Journal of Aging and Health, 10, 327-350. 32 Family Economics and Nutrition Review
Measuring the Food Security of Elderly Persons Mark Nord, PhD Economic Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture This study assessed the appropriateness of the U.S. Food Security Scale for measuring the food security of elderly persons and, in particular, whether measured prevalence rates of food insecurity and hunger among the elderly were likely to be biased, relative to those of the nonelderly. The findings, based on analysis of 3 years of data from the Current Population Survey Food Security Supplement, consistently indicated that the Food Security Scale fairly represented the food security status of elderly persons, compared with the food security status of nonelderly persons. Statistical analysis of the multiple-indicator scale found no indication that the scale underrepresented the prevalence of food insecurity or hunger among the elderly because they interpreted or responded to questions in the Food Security Scale differently than did the nonelderly. Responses to questions other than those in the scale indicated that some elderly did face food-access problems other than insufficient resources to buy food—most notably problems getting to a food store. However, these problems were no more likely for the elderly than for the nonelderly to be so serious that desired eating patterns were disrupted or food intake was insufficient. A small proportion of elderly households classified as food-secure obtained food assistance from Federal and community programs, suggesting that some of these households were less than fully food-secure and that some may, indeed, be food-insecure. However, foodsecure elderly-only households were less likely than the food-secure nonelderly households to rely on food assistance programs that are accessible to both. E lderly persons are more foodsecure than are nonelderly persons, according to recent nationally representative food security surveys sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (Nord, 2002; Nord et al., 2002; Guthrie & Lin, 2002; Andrews, Nord, Bickel, & Carlson, 2000; Bickel, Carlson, & Nord, 1999). In these surveys, food security—defined as access at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life for all household members—is measured by a series of questions about behaviors and experiences known to characterize households that are having difficulty meeting their food needs (Fitchen, 1981; Fitchen, 1988; Radimer, Olson, & Campbell, 1990; Radimer, Olson, Green, Campbell & Habicht, 1992; Wehler, Scott, & Anderson, 1992). The U.S. Food Security Scale, calculated from responses to these questions, measures the food security of the household and classifies each as food-secure, food-insecure without hunger, or foodinsecure with hunger (Bickel, Nord, Price, Hamilton, & Cook, 2000; Hamilton et al., 1997a; 1997b). Concerns have been raised about whether this measurement method, based on selfreported food-access conditions and behaviors, fairly represents the food security of elderly persons, compared with that of non-elderly persons. Food insecurity is known to be associated with poor nutrition and health 2003 Vol. 15 No. 1 33
Page 1 and 2: Research Articles Special Issue Eld
Page 3 and 4: CENTER FOR NUTRITION POLICY AND PRO
Page 5 and 6: Research Articles Improving Calcium
Page 7 and 8: fiber, niacin, and vitamin C than d
Page 9 and 10: Researchers completed and compiled
Page 11 and 12: greens were a good source of dietar
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Page 15 and 16: Jackson, K.A., & Savaiano, D.A. (20
Page 17 and 18: The Influence of the Healthy Eating
Page 19 and 20: Box 1 - Basic definitions of the St
Page 21 and 22: Treatment and Analysis The HELP was
Page 23 and 24: Table 2. Pre-test and post-test com
Page 25 and 26: References American Dietetic Associ
Page 27 and 28: Using a Concurrent Events Approach
Page 29 and 30: her daughter and husband, who died
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Page 37 and 38: Scaling Analysis: Do the Elderly an
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Page 43 and 44: Figure 1. Comparison of item severi
Page 45 and 46: Table 3. Other food problems report
Page 47 and 48: References Andrews, M., Nord, M., B
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Page 53 and 54: Table 2. Fruit and vegetable intake
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Page 59 and 60: Hackman, R.M., & Wagner, E.L. (1990
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Reduction in Modifiable Osteoporosi
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Baseline At baseline, heel BMD, wei
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Table 2. Baseline and post-interven
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Table 4. Ethnic differences between
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Katzman, R., Brown, R., Fuld, P., P
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More older men than older women lik
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Schools offer a mix of foods in add
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More families own stock Families ma
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Expenditures vary by age Expenses o
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Consumer Prices Consumer Consumer P
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Guidelines for Submissions to Famil
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