Vol 44 # 2 June 2012 - Kma.org.kw

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117 Comparison of Changes in Body Image of Patients with Renal Calculi Treated ... June 2012 that each society should develop its own models and make research according to these models. CONCLUSION In our study, we compared patients who underwent PNL and PYL in terms of body image changes. There was no statistically significant difference between two groups before and at sixth months after the surgery. However, there was significant difference at one month after surgery and changes in body image were higher in PYL group than PNL. Body image perception was worse in PYL group in early post-operative period. Although body image changes were higher in early post-operative period in PYL group, in which the incision scar was evident, the difference disappeared in late period. For these reasons, we consider that observed changes in body image should not be a determining factor for selecting the surgical method in patients with renal calculus. REFERENCES 1. Clayman RV, Mc Dougall EM, Nakada SY. Percutaneous therapeutic procedures. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Stamey TA, Vaughan ED, editors. Cambell’s Urology. Seventh edition. Vol 3, 1998, p 2809-2830. 2. Stoller ML, Bolton DM. Urinary stone disease. In: Tanagho EA, McAninch J W, editors. Smith’s General Urology. 1995, p 276-300. 3. Khasidy LR, Smith AD. The re-entry nephrostomy catheter for endourological applications. J Urol 1985; 133:165-166. 4. Sultan Ayaz. Body image and self-esteem in patients with stoma: Review. Türkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2008; 28:154-159. 5. Aglamis E, Kulaksizoglu H, Kulaksizoglu I, Unluer E, Gurbuz C, Toktas G. The body image scale In patıents wıth ileal conduıt and ileal neobladder: comparıson of the surgıcal technıques from the patıent’s poınt of vıew; a prelımınary report. Turkish Journal of Urology 2001; 27:428-432. 6. Hart S, Skinner EC, Meyerowitz BE, et al. Quality of life after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in patients with an ileal conduit, cutaneous or uretral kock pouch. J Urol 1999; 162:77-81. 7. Boyd SD, Feinberg SM, Skinner DG, et al. Quality of life survey of urinary diversion patients: comparison of ileal conduits versus continent kock ileal reservoirs. J Urol 1987; 138:1386-1389. 8. Bjerre BD, Johansen C, Steven K. Health- related quality of life after cystectomy: bladder substitution compared with ileal conduit diversion. A questionnaire survey. Br J Urol 1995; 75:200-205.
June 2012 KUWAIT MEDICAL JOURNAL 118 Original Article The Prevalence and Route of Delivery of Prolonged Pregnancies Sanam Moradan , Sharbanoo Pahlevany Nejad Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semnan University Hospital Amir, Semnan, Iran ABSTRACT Kuwait Medical Journal 2012; 44 (2): 118 - 120 Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, rate and indications for cesarean deliveries in prolonged and post-term pregnancies Design: Prospective descriptive cross-sectional study Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Amir, Semnan, Iran. Subjects: One hundred and sixty-four cases of prolonged pregnancy were encountered during the study period from September 2009 to September 2010. Data regarding total deliveries, number of prolonged pregnancies and cesarean delivery were gathered and the prevalence of prolonged pregnancy, the cesarean delivery rate and the indications for cesarean deliveries evaluated. Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence of prolonged pregnancies and cesarean delivery rates Intervention: Delivery and cesarean section Result: Total deliveries during this period were 1157. Forty-one and 13 deliveries were beyond 41 weeks (prolonged pregnancy) and 42 weeks (post term pregnancy) respectively. The prevalence of prolonged pregnancy and post term pregnancy was 3.5 and 1.12% respectively. The cesarean delivery rate for prolonged and post-term pregnancy were 31.7 and 38.46% respectively. The most common indications for cesarean deliveries were failure to progress and meconium staining of amniotic fluid. Conclusion: The prevalence of prolonged and post-term pregnancy was low and the incidence of cesarean section was high in these cases.The most common indications for cesarean section were dystocia ( failure to progress) and meconium staining of amniotic fluid . KEY WORDS: cesarean delivery, post-term, prolonged, pregnancy INTRODUCTION Prolonged pregnancy refers to a pregnancy that has extended to beyond 42 weeks (294 days) gestation [1] . This definition is endorsed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. In view of more recent perinatal mortality data, it would be reasonable to conclude that prolonged pregnancy should be defined as gestational age at birth greater than or equal to 41 weeks of gestation [2] . The etiology of prolonged pregnancy is unknown. It is associated with an increased adverse outcome in both the fetus and the mother [1] . The incidence of prolonged pregnancy is estimated as 4 - 19% at 42 weeks gestation and 2 - 7% at 43 weeks of gestation [2] . The prevalence of post-term pregnancy depends on the population characteristics including such factors as nulliparity, a prior post-term pregnancy and genetic predisposition. The main complications associated with pregnancy beyond 40 and 41 weeks of gestation are stillbirth, perinatal mortality and morbidity and increased risk of cesarean delivery [3] . Obesity, maternal age 30 - 39 years and 40 years or older are others risk factor of prolonged pregnancy [4] . As pregnancy progresses beyond 40 weeks of gestation, the risks of maternal peripartum complications increase [5] and the rates of cesarean delivery increase with increase of gestational age [6,7] . Labor induction, prolonged second stage of labor, forceps use and operative delivery are other maternal complications of prolonged pregnancy beyond 41 weeks [8] . In this study, the prevalence rate of cesarean delivery and the indications for cesarean in prolonged pregnancy were evaluated. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A prospective descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on all prolonged pregnancy cases encountered in the Semnan University Hospital Amir, Semnan, Iran from September 2009 to September 2010. Address correspondence to: Sanam Moradan, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semnan University Hospital Amir, Semnan, Iran. Mobile: 00989121318046, Fax: 00982314461580, E-mail: sm42595@yahoo.com
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