Vol 44 # 2 June 2012 - Kma.org.kw

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177 WHO-Facts Sheet June 2012 risk factors’ or metabolic risk factors. There are also a number of underlying determinants of CVDs, or “the causes of the causes”. What are common symptoms of cardiovascular diseases? Symptoms of heart attacks and strokes: Often, there are no symptoms of the underlying disease of the blood vessels. A heart attack or stroke may be the first warning of underlying disease. Symptoms of a heart attack include: • pain or discomfort in the centre of the chest; • pain or discomfort in the arms, the left shoulder, elbows, jaw, or back. The most common symptom of a stroke is sudden weakness of the face, arm, or leg, most often on one side of the body. Other symptoms include sudden onset of: numbness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body; confusion, difficulty speaking or understanding speech; difficulty seeing with one or both eyes; difficulty walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination; severe headache with no known cause; and fainting or unconsciousness. People experiencing these symptoms should seek medical care immediately. What is rheumatic heart disease? Rheumatic heart disease is caused by damage to the heart valves and heart muscle from the inflammation and scarring caused by rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever is caused by streptococcal bacteria, which usually begins as a sore throat or tonsillitis in children. Symptoms of rheumatic heart disease • Shortness of breath, fatigue, irregular heart beats, chest pain and fainting. • Symptoms of rheumatic fever: fever, pain and swelling of the joints, nausea, stomach cramps and vomiting. Treatment Early treatment of streptococcal sore throat can stop the development of rheumatic fever. Regular longterm penicillin treatment can prevent repeat attacks of rheumatic fever which give rise to rheumatic heart disease and can stop disease progression in people whose heart valves are already damaged by the disease. Why are cardiovascular diseases a development issue in low- and middle-income countries? • Over 80% of the world’s deaths from CVDs occur in low- and middle-income countries. • People in low- and middle-income countries are more exposed to risk factors leading to CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases and are less exposed to prevention efforts • People in low- and middle-income countries have less access to effective and equitable health care services which respond to their needs (including early detection services). • As a result, many people in low- and middleincome countries die younger from CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases • The poorest people in low- and middle-income countries are affected most. At household level, sufficient evidence is emerging to prove that CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases contribute to poverty. • At macro-economic level, CVDs place a heavy burden on the economies of low- and middleincome countries. How can the burden of cardiovascular diseases be reduced? Heart disease and stroke can be prevented through healthy diet, regular physical activity and avoiding tobacco smoke. Individuals can reduce their risk of CVDs by engaging in regular physical activity, avoiding tobacco use and second-hand tobacco smoke, choosing a diet rich in fruit and vegetables and avoiding foods that are high in fat, sugar and salt, and maintaining a healthy body weight. 6. WORLD MALARIA DAY 2012 Test, Treat, Track: scaling up the fight against malaria On the eve of World Malaria Day 2012, WHO hails global progress in combating malaria but highlights the need to further reinforce the fight. WHO’s new initiative, T3: Test, Treat, Track, urges malaria-endemic countries and donors to move towards universal access to diagnostic testing and antimalarial treatment, and to build robust malaria surveillance systems. A million lives saved “In the past ten years, increased investment in malaria prevention and control has saved more than a million lives,” says Dr Margaret Chan, WHO Director- General. “This is a tremendous achievement. But we are still far from achieving universal access to lifesaving malaria interventions.” Progress not enough to meet target A massive acceleration in the global distribution of mosquito nets, the expansion of programs to spray the insides of buildings with insecticides, and an increase in access to prompt antimalarial treatment has brought down malaria mortality rates by more than a quarter worldwide, and by one third in Africa since 2000. But simply maintaining current rates of
June 2012 KUWAIT MEDICAL JOURNAL 178 progress will not be enough to meet global targets for malaria control. T3: Test, Treat, Track WHO therefore urges the global health community to further scale up investments in diagnostic testing, treatment, and surveillance for malaria in order to save more lives and to make a major push towards achieving the health-related Millennium Development Goals in 2015. Endemic countries should be able to ensure that every suspected malaria case is tested, that every confirmed case is treated with a quality-assured antimalarial medicine, and that the disease is tracked through timely and accurate surveillance systems. WHO has published technical guidance for all three pillars of T3: Test, Treat, Track – releasing the final two documents of the package, Disease Surveillance for Malaria Control, and Disease Surveillance for Malaria Elimination, today. “Until countries are able to test, treat, and report every malaria case, we will never defeat this disease,” says Dr Margaret Chan, who is in Namibia for World Malaria Day this year. “We need strong and sustained political commitment from all countries where malaria is endemic, and from the global health community, to see this fight through to the end.” • In half of all malaria-endemic countries in Africa, over 80% of cases are still being treated without diagnostic testing. Universal diagnostic testing will ensure that patients with fever receive the most appropriate treatment, and that antimalarial medicines are used rationally and correctly. Countries that have already scaled up diagnostic testing (such as Senegal) are saving hundreds of thousands of treatment courses every year. • Many countries have made significant progress in improving access to antimalarials. In 2010, 60 governments were providing artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) free of charge to all age groups. But millions of people still lack ready access to appropriate treatment. The effort must be scaled up to ensure that every confirmed malaria case gets treated. • Improved surveillance for malaria cases and deaths will help countries determine which areas or population groups are most affected. It will also help ministries of health to identify resurgences and map new trends - thus maximizing the efficiency of prevention and control programs. Better surveillance will also allow for a more effective delivery of international aid programs. “T3: Test, Treat, Track aims to galvanize endemic countries and their partners to build on the success of malaria prevention efforts over the past decade,” says Dr Robert Newman, Director of WHO’s Global Malaria Programme. “In recent years, there has been major progress in the development of new diagnostic tools and highly effective antimalarial medicines. The challenge now is to ensure these tools get used, and that countries accurately measure their public health impact.” Malaria progress, 2000-2010 During the past decade, global malaria prevention and control efforts have been scaled up, with notable progress in sub-Saharan Africa, where the vast majority of malaria cases occur. The number of longlasting insecticidal nets delivered to malaria-endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa increased from 5.6 million in 2004 to 145 million in 2010. Programs to spray the interiors of buildings with insecticides were also expanded, with the number of people protected in sub-Saharan Africa rising from 10 million in 2005 to 81 million in 2010. The availability of rapid diagnostic tests has made it possible to improve and expand diagnostic testing for malaria. The rate of testing - in the public sector in Africa - rose from less than 5% in 2000 to 45% in 2010. Meanwhile, the number of ACTs procured worldwide by government health departments also increased exponentially: from 11 million in 2005 to 181 million in 2010. However, malaria transmission still occurs in 99 countries around the world, and the malaria burden continues to cripple health systems in many African countries. In 2010, this entirely preventable and treatable disease caused an estimated 655 000 deaths worldwide. About 560 000 of the victims were children under five years of age, which means malaria killed one child every minute. World Malaria Day was instituted by the World Health Assembly at its 60th session in May 2007 to recognize the global effort to provide effective control of malaria. It is celebrated on 25 April ever year. For more information contact: Tarik Jasarevic, WHO Communications Officer, WHO, Geneva Mobile: +41 793 676 214; E-mail: jasarevict@who.int 7. ORAL HEALTH Oral health is essential to general health and quality of life. It is a state of being free from mouth and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, oral infection and sores, periodontal (gum) disease, tooth decay, tooth loss, and other diseases and disorders that limit an individual’s capacity in biting, chewing, smiling, speaking, and psychosocial wellbeing. Key facts • Worldwide, 60–90% of school children and nearly 100% of adults have dental cavities.
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Vol 44 # 2 June 2012 - Kma.org.kw

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