Outline of Quino Recovery Plan - The Xerces Society

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TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 A. Brief Overview ............................................................................................ 1 B. Description and Taxonomy ........................................................................... 5 C. Distribution and Habitat Considerations ........................................................ 7 D. Life History ................................................................................................ 16 1. Life Cycle ........................................................................................... 17 2. Adult Behavior and Resource Use ....................................................... 20 3. Climatic Effects ................................................................................... 25 4. Metapopulation Structure .................................................................... 25 E. Reasons for Decline and Current Threats .................................................... 30 1. Loss and Fragmentation of Habitat and Landscape Connectivity ........... 31 2. Invasion by Nonnative Plants ............................................................... 32 3. Off-road Vehicle Activity .................................................................... 33 4. Grazing ............................................................................................... 34 5. Fire ..................................................................................................... 35 6. Enhanced Soil Nitrogen ....................................................................... 36 7. Effects of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration .................................................................................................... 37 8. Climate Change ................................................................................... 38 F. Current and Evolving Conservation Measures ............................................ 40 1. Regional Planning ................................................................................ 41 2. San Diego National Wildlife Refuge ..................................................... 43 3. Captive Propagation ............................................................................ 44 4. California Department of Fish and Game .............................................. 44 G. Recovery Strategy ..................................................................................... 45 1. Modeling ............................................................................................ 47 2. Restoring Landscape Connectivity ....................................................... 48 3. Habitat Restoration ............................................................................. 48 4. Surveys and Monitoring ...................................................................... 49 5. Captive Propagation ............................................................................ 50 6. Multiple Species Reserves and the Quino Checkerspot ....................... 50 7. Recovery Units ................................................................................... 52 8. Proposed Recovery Units .................................................................... 59 II. RECOVERY .............................................................................................................. 70 A. Objectives ................................................................................................. 70 B. Recovery Criteria ....................................................................................... 70 C. Recovery Task Narrative ........................................................................... 73 D. Preliminary Recommendations for Proposed Recovery Units ....................... 78 III. LITERATURE CITED .............................................................................................. 80 ix
A. References ................................................................................................. 80 B. Personal Communications ........................................................................... 91 IV. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ......................................................................... 92 APPENDIX I Quino Checkerspot Butterfly Life Cycle Diagram ........................................... 103 APPENDIX II Habitat Restoration Methods ......................................................................... 105 APPENDIX III The Annual Forbland Hypothesis: An extinct vegetation type in remnant Quino habitat? ....................................................... 120 APPENDIX IV Glossary of Terms ......................................................................................... 122 List of Tables Table 1. Bay checkerspot metapopulation distribution scales ............................ 30 List of Figures Figure 1. Quino checkerspot butterfly ................................................................. 2 Figure 2. Quino checkerspot Recovery Units and observations ........................... 3 Figure 3. Quino checkerspot butterfly Recovery Unit index ................................ 4 Figure 4. Northwest Riverside Recovery Unit .................................................. 64 Figure 5. Southwest Riverside Recovery Unit .................................................. 65 Figure 6. South Riverside Recovery Unit ......................................................... 66 Figure 7. South Riverside/North San Diego Recovery Unit .............................. 67 Figure 8. Southwest San Diego Recovery Unit ................................................ 68 Figure 9. Southeast San Diego Recovery Unit ................................................. 69 x
Page 1 and 2: QUINO CHECKERSPOT BUTTERFLY (Euphyd
Page 3 and 4: DISCLAIMER Recovery plans delineate
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Current Status: T
Page 7 and 8: temporal and geographic patterns of
Page 9: 9) Manage activity on trails where
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1. Quino checkerspot butterf
Page 15 and 16: Insert Figure 3 4
Page 17 and 18: Euphydryas chalcedona. At the same
Page 19 and 20: The Quino checkerspot butterfly pri
Page 21 and 22: natural lands are absent, by costly
Page 23 and 24: connectivity that may have existed
Page 25 and 26: Mexico. Another recent record is lo
Page 27 and 28: dwarf plantain (Plantago erecta) ca
Page 29 and 30: Diapausing Euphydryas editha larvae
Page 31 and 32: not possible below about 16 degrees
Page 33 and 34: 1994, Rausher 1982). Singer et al.
Page 35 and 36: prediapause secondary hosts are imp
Page 37 and 38: population of prediapause larvae. L
Page 39 and 40: does not necessarily mean that smal
Page 41 and 42: although it is not clear whether th
Page 43 and 44: Dezzani 1998, Stylinski and Allen 1
Page 45 and 46: Consumption of nonnative plants by
Page 47 and 48: per year) (Bytnerowicz et al. 1987,
Page 49 and 50: y almost 100 miles, and shifted the
Page 51 and 52: Conservation Plan. Several other pl
Page 53 and 54: Plan in July of 1996. No extant Qui
Page 55 and 56: G. Recovery Strategy The survival a
Page 57 and 58: Along with protecting habitat, equa
Page 59 and 60: In areas targeted for Quino checker
Page 61 and 62:
checkerspot habitat community. Area
Page 63 and 64:
ovata), fiddleneck (Amsinckia spp.)
Page 65 and 66:
(Collinsia concolor) occurs in smal
Page 67 and 68:
This Recovery Unit is located in so
Page 69 and 70:
ut research is needed to determine
Page 71 and 72:
within the proposed Recovery Unit i
Page 73 and 74:
occupancy. Most of the upper canyon
Page 75 and 76:
Insert Figure 5 64
Page 77 and 78:
Insert Figure 7 66
Page 79 and 80:
Insert Figure 9 68
Page 81 and 82:
The number of known occupied habita
Page 83 and 84:
C. Recovery Task Narrative Priority
Page 85 and 86:
1.2.1. Enhance or restore landscape
Page 87 and 88:
should include, degree of nonnative
Page 89 and 90:
11. Protect the remaining undevelop
Page 91 and 92:
Boughton, D. A. 2000. The Dispersal
Page 93 and 94:
Ecological Impacts on the Golden St
Page 95 and 96:
Malo, J. E., and F. Suarez. 1995. C
Page 97 and 98:
Ecology Taking Flight: Butterflies
Page 99 and 100:
Thomas, C. D. and I. Hanski. 1997.
Page 101 and 102:
B. Personal Communications Bauer, D
Page 103 and 104:
Definitions and Abbreviations Used
Page 105 and 106:
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR QUINO C
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
APPENDIX I Quino Checkerspot Butter
Page 115 and 116:
APPENDIX II Habitat Restoration Met
Page 117 and 118:
• Cut thatch and dead nonnative p
Page 119 and 120:
Native Plants for Habitat Restorati
Page 121 and 122:
y Quino checkerspot, generalist pol
Page 123 and 124:
Salvaged topsoil can also be used f
Page 125 and 126:
Costs associated with removing that
Page 127 and 128:
cover is quite different from the g
Page 129 and 130:
APPENDIX III The Annual Forbland Hy
Page 131 and 132:
APPENDIX IV Glossary of Terms Diapa
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