Outline of Quino Recovery Plan - The Xerces Society

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years to develop or accumulate otherwise. The use of one or two restoration enhancement techniques, such as placement of brush and rocks, can benefit multiple species when done using an integrated ecosystem approach. For example, brush piles and sticks, which should benefit Quino checkerspot, can also provide food for termites that are the primary food source for orangethroated whiptails, a sensitive species likely to be included in a multiple species conservation program. The use of structural enhancement techniques that benefit multiple species will increase the chance of successful implementation of restoration for multiple species habitat conservation plans. Native Plants Many species of native plants can be salvaged from construction impact areas prior to development. Translocation of native shrubs and herbaceous perennials is most successful under cool moist weather conditions after rains have started native plant growth and just prior to anticipated rainfall. Bulbs can be excavated from the soil as they become dormant in late spring after flowering has ceased. Bulbs can be stored until the fall when they can be planted after significant rains. Restoration Costs Habitat restoration costs vary per site, depending on site preparation costs, maintenance and monitoring requirements and the number of sensitive species needed to be present reintroduced and managed for to meet specific project standards. For Quino checkerspot restoration, maintenance of the site should last a minimum of 5 years, probably longer for converted agricultural fields, with a monitoring period of 10 years before determination of project success for mitigation purposes. Many of the degraded habitats will require at least 3 years of restoration work before reintroduction of the Quino checkerspot can be initiated. In sites that have been completely reconstructed, such as former agricultural fields, at least 15 years will be required to determine if efforts to re-establish Quino checkerspot have been successful. De-thatching and Herbicide Spraying 113
Costs associated with removing thatch and spraying nonnative plants with a selective herbicide vary among restoration sites, but depend primarily on the degree to which the natural habitat has been degraded, including the extent of nonnative plant invasion. The cost of removing nonnatives is generally lowest for areas that require only spot spraying of individual plants. Removing plants by hand is costly, especially for large areas. However, hand "weeding" may be necessary for sites occupied by Quino checkerspot. The de-thatching technique can be used in conjunction with return visits to spray individual nonnative plants; and in some instances a “weed eater” can be used instead of spraying. The de-thatching technique is typically used only during the first year as part of the site preparation. A crew of approximately ten workers has been used to dethatch nonnative plants, accomplishing several tasks simultaneously. Activities include weed-whipping the site (4-5 weed-whips can work at one time), raking thatch into piles, collecting thatch and placing it into burlap bundles, and taking the bundles to trucks for removal from the site. Estimated costs per unit area are given below for using the de-thatch and repeat spraying method for sites dominated by nonnative plants, but which still have native plants present. Using this method, 10 workers can de-thatch approximately 0.4 hectare (1 acre) per day. Costs for the de-thatching range from $4,000 to $5,000 per hectare ($1,600 to $2,000 per acre) (based on a average $20 per hour billing rate for the laborers and supervision time). The work can be physically demanding, especially if the thatch material has to be hauled out of steep canyons. If removing the material is not possible, it can be placed into piles and composted on the site. The nonnative plants that germinate later from the piles will need to be controlled because some nonnative plant seeds will remain. After sufficient rains have fallen in winter, nonnative plant seedlings will require control by return visits to spray Roundup© or other, more selective, herbicides to prevent the plants from maturing and producing seeds. Care must be taken to minimize over-spray onto native species. It is imperative that workers are able to recognize nonnative plants and distinguish them from native plants. For the first 2 seasons after de-thatching, repeat spraying with an appropriate herbicide up to five times in a season costs approximately $8,400 per hectare ($3,400 per acre)in labor (four workers making five spraying visits) and an 114
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QUINO CHECKERSPOT BUTTERFLY (Euphyd
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DISCLAIMER Recovery plans delineate
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Current Status: T
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temporal and geographic patterns of
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9) Manage activity on trails where
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A. References .....................
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Figure 1. Quino checkerspot butterf
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Insert Figure 3 4
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Euphydryas chalcedona. At the same
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The Quino checkerspot butterfly pri
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natural lands are absent, by costly
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connectivity that may have existed
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Mexico. Another recent record is lo
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dwarf plantain (Plantago erecta) ca
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Diapausing Euphydryas editha larvae
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not possible below about 16 degrees
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1994, Rausher 1982). Singer et al.
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prediapause secondary hosts are imp
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population of prediapause larvae. L
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does not necessarily mean that smal
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although it is not clear whether th
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Dezzani 1998, Stylinski and Allen 1
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Consumption of nonnative plants by
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per year) (Bytnerowicz et al. 1987,
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y almost 100 miles, and shifted the
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Conservation Plan. Several other pl
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Plan in July of 1996. No extant Qui
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G. Recovery Strategy The survival a
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Along with protecting habitat, equa
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In areas targeted for Quino checker
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checkerspot habitat community. Area
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ovata), fiddleneck (Amsinckia spp.)
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(Collinsia concolor) occurs in smal
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This Recovery Unit is located in so
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ut research is needed to determine
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within the proposed Recovery Unit i
Page 73 and 74: occupancy. Most of the upper canyon
Page 75 and 76: Insert Figure 5 64
Page 81 and 82: The number of known occupied habita
Page 83 and 84: C. Recovery Task Narrative Priority
Page 85 and 86: 1.2.1. Enhance or restore landscape
Page 87 and 88: should include, degree of nonnative
Page 89 and 90: 11. Protect the remaining undevelop
Page 91 and 92: Boughton, D. A. 2000. The Dispersal
Page 93 and 94: Ecological Impacts on the Golden St
Page 95 and 96: Malo, J. E., and F. Suarez. 1995. C
Page 97 and 98: Ecology Taking Flight: Butterflies
Page 99 and 100: Thomas, C. D. and I. Hanski. 1997.
Page 101 and 102: B. Personal Communications Bauer, D
Page 103 and 104: Definitions and Abbreviations Used
Page 105 and 106: IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR QUINO C
Page 113 and 114: APPENDIX I Quino Checkerspot Butter
Page 115 and 116: APPENDIX II Habitat Restoration Met
Page 117 and 118: • Cut thatch and dead nonnative p
Page 119 and 120: Native Plants for Habitat Restorati
Page 121 and 122: y Quino checkerspot, generalist pol
Page 123: Salvaged topsoil can also be used f
Page 127 and 128: cover is quite different from the g
Page 129 and 130: APPENDIX III The Annual Forbland Hy
Page 131 and 132: APPENDIX IV Glossary of Terms Diapa
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Outline of Quino Recovery Plan - The Xerces Society

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