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4.5 Fundamental Interactions what are the absolute neutrino masses and their ordering (hierarchy) are of primary importance. Neutrino-less double β decay experiments and direct neutrino mass determinations from β decay address these questions and should therefore be strongly supported. Improved nuclear matrix element calculations as well as auxiliary measurements are important to derive or constrain the effective Majorana neutrino mass. Neutrino mixing parameters and the CP violating phases The central focus of upcoming and future reactor and accelerator neutrino oscillation experiments is the measurement of the mixing angle θ 13 and the study of the CP violating Dirac δ-phase. CP violating Majorana phases will manifest themselves in neutrino-less double β decay experiments and can be studied by comparing the results with those from direct neutrino mass measurements (single β decay) and cosmology. Strong support is needed for R&D studies crucial for such experiments that have tight connection with future radioactive ion beam facilities, such as for example production of high ion intensities for candidate beta-beam emitters. Electroweak Interactions Precision measurements in β decay Better limits on possible types of new physics will be obtained from a more precise unitary test of the quark mixing matrix. The current puzzle with respect to neutron lifetime should be addressed with high priority. Also, higher precision in correlation measurements is essential to search for non Standard Model weak interactions. Increased exotic beam and neutron intensities, particle traps, including developments to store polarised nuclei, as well as improved simulation codes for keV to MeV electrons are crucial to this. Precise QED studies within the Standard Model Accurate QED predictions and precision measurements are necessary for improved determination of fundamental constants such as α, magnetic moments, or particle masses. Further developments in atomic structure calculations including QED effects are required to interpret APNC experiments and to extract nuclear properties from precise atomic measurements. 4.5.6 Recommendations In order to achieve the challenging physics goals listed in the previous section the European nuclear physics community needs an appropriate environment consisting of adequate academic positions for young researchers and state of the art facilities. These comprise centrally: Priority 1. Support of small-sized laboratories and university groups There is a need for continuous support of small-sized laboratories and university-based groups. In these stimulating environments young people are trained and new techniques are developed and tested before they move to the larger facilities and large-scale infrastructures. a. Detector development The development of detectors with better resolution and efficiency is crucial to experiments in this field. b. Development work to improve the possibilities with particle traps Particle traps are by now well established in fundamental physics research. Improvements and new developments will extend their applicability (e.g. with respect to polarised trapped samples), to increase the accuracy of results and address new observables. Priority 2. Theoretical support Well-founded theoretical guidance and input is indispensable to select the best experimental options in view of the many technological possibilities that exist nowadays. Theory groups should therefore be supported and more theoreticians should be attracted to this field. Priority 3. Facilities a. Precise QED studies with intense sources of low-energy antiprotons Anti-matter research is exploring very basic principles, a main topic here being tests of CPT. Intense sources of low-energy antiprotons will boost this fascinating field with the potential for a large public outreach. They are indispensable for making progress in exotic atom spectroscopy and searches for new interactions such as anti-gravity. b. Development work to improve the underground laboratories Improved sensitivities for e.g. double β decay experiments, but also for other measurements requiring low 172 | Perspectives of Nuclear Physics in Europe – NuPECC Long Range Plan 2010
ackground, call for upgrades of the underground laboratories and potentially for new ones to be built. c. Upgraded and new facilities Research into fundamental interactions will benefit significantly from upgrades of existing infrastructure (e.g. HIE-ISOLDE, HITRAP) and new infrastructure (e.g. DESIR at SPIRAL, NUSTAR at FAIR and EURISOL). Other fields in nuclear physics share these interests. Many precision experiments cannot or only with difficulty be accommodated at existing facilities as they need regular access to beams or long continuous beam time periods. Therefore, dedicated new facilities providing such possibilities must also be supported. Examples are high intensity neutron sources, sources of coherent short wavelength electromagnetic radiation, and the ISOL@ MYRRHA project. Finally, the ELENA ring and at a longer time scale the modules 4 and 5 of the FAIR project are of key importance to QED and antiproton research. Perspectives of Nuclear Physics in Europe – NuPECC Long Range Plan 2010 | 173
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Forward Look Perspectives of Nuclea
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Contents Foreword 3 1. Executive Su
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Foreword The goal of this European
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1. Executive Summary 1.1.3 Objectiv
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1. Executive Summary structure and
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1. Executive Summary using slow ant
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1. Executive Summary The role of gl
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1. Executive Summary from the few-b
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1. Executive Summary Advances in nu
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1. Executive Summary and AMS or hig
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2. Recommendations and Roadmap EURI
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3. Research Infrastructures and Net
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4. Scientific Themes 4.1 Hadron Phy
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4.1.2 Basic Properties of Quantum C
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coupling can be applied. A key tool
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opportunity to determine the moduli
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A broad experimental programme has
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4.1.4 Hadron Spectroscopy Recent Ac
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Physics Perspectives There is a mul
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Global Perspective and Efforts In t
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The longest-range parts of these fo
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concentrate their efforts and conti
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4. Scientific Themes 4.2 Phases of
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tion of state would therefore deter
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an increase at the deconfinement te
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can be described with statistical h
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Box 3. Heavy ion fragmentation and
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Figure 7. Isotopic dependence of th
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energies so far did not find indica
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4.2.5 The High-Energy Frontier The
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Figure 10. Elliptic flow parameter
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elevant experimental and analysis r
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the same time being able to precise
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technology), a three-dimensional ar
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4. Scientific Themes 4.3 Nuclear St
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4.3.2 Theoretical Aspects Ab Initio
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the continuum, as done, e.g., in th
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Each of these extensions will open
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Halos, clusters and few-body correl
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Figure 3. Mirror Energy Differences
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Superheavy elements The existence o
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Figure 5. Gamma-ray spectrum of the
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The experimental evidence for the e
Page 123 and 124: 4.3.7 Ground-State Properties Figur
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Page 133 and 134: powers many of the objects we obser
Page 135 and 136: Hydrostatic burning Stars spend the
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Page 141 and 142: have to be calculated. Current micr
Page 143 and 144: An improvement in the precision of
Page 145 and 146: a neutron. Application of the detai
Page 147 and 148: urning can be treated in such a sta
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Page 153 and 154: 4. Scientific Themes 4.5 Fundamenta
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Page 163 and 164: New time reversal invariant scalar
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Page 169 and 170: 4.5.4 Properties of Known Basic Int
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Page 178 and 179: 4.6 Nuclear Physics Tools and Appli
Page 203 and 204: 5.1 Contributors Hartmut Abele (Wie
Page 205 and 206: 5.3 Acronyms and Abbreviations ADS
Page 207 and 208: Published by the European Science F
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