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Contents 4.2 Phases of Strongly Interacting Matter 79 4.2.1 Introduction 80 4.2.2 The QCD Phase Diagram 82 4.2.3 Strongly Interacting Matter in the Nucleonic Regime 86 4.2.4 Exploring the QCD Phase Diagram at Large Baryon-Chemical Potentials 89 4.2.5 The High-Energy Frontier 93 4.2.6 R&D, Computing, Networking 100 4.2.7 Recommendations 101 4.3 Nuclear Structure and Dynamics 103 4.3.1 Introduction 104 4.3.2 Theoretical Aspects 105 4.3.3 Onset of Complexity 110 4.3.4 Shell Structure and the Isospin Degree of Freedom 111 4.3.5 Collective Properties 116 4.3.6 Reaction Dynamics 119 4.3.7 Ground-State Properties 121 4.3.8 Facilities and Instrumentation 123 4.3.9 Recommendations 127 4.4 Nuclear Astrophysics 129 4.4.1 Introduction 130 4.4.2 State of the Art and Future Directions 132 4.4.3 Future Requirements for Experiment and Theory 140 4.4.4 Conclusions 147 4.5 Fundamental Interactions 151 4.5.1 Introduction 152 4.5.2 Fundamental Fermions 153 4.5.3 Discrete Symmetries 161 4.5.4 Properties of Known Basic Interactions 167 4.5.5 Future Directions 171 4.5.6 Recommendations 172 4.6 Nuclear Physics Tools and Applications 175 4.6.1 Introduction 176 4.6.2 Nuclear Energy 176 4.6.3 Life Sciences 179 4.6.4 Environmental and Space Applications 183 4.6.5 Security 186 4.6.6 Applications in Materials Science and Other Fundamental Domains 188 4.6.7 Cultural Heritage, Arts and Archaeology 191 4.6.8 New Frontiers in Nuclear Physics Tools 194 4.6.9 Summary and Recommendations 197 5. Annexes 199 5.1 Contributors 201 5.2 NuPECC Committee 202 5.3 Acronyms and Abbreviations 203
Foreword The goal of this European Science Foundation Forward Look into the future of Nuclear Physics is to bring together the entire Nuclear Physics community in Europe to formulate a coherent plan of the best way to develop the field in the coming decade and beyond. The primary aim of Nuclear Physics is to understand the origin, evolution, structure and phases of strongly interacting matter, which constitutes nearly 100% of the visible matter in the universe. This is an immensely important and challenging task that requires the concerted effort of scientists working in both theory and experiment, funding agencies, politicians and the public. Nuclear Physics projects are often “big science”, which implies large investments and long lead times. They need careful forward planning and strong support from policy makers. This Forward Look provides an excellent tool to achieve this. It represents the outcome of detailed scrutiny by Europe’s leading experts and will help focus the views of the scientific community on the most promising directions in the field and create the basis for funding agencies to provide adequate support. The current NuPECC Long Range Plan 2010 “Perspectives of Nuclear Physics in Europe” resulted from consultation with close to 6 000 scientists and engineers over a period of approximately one year. Its detailed recommendations are presented on the following pages. For the interested public, a short summary brochure has been produced to accompany the Forward Look. Professor Marja Makarow Chief Executive European Science Foundation Professor Günther Rosner Chair of the Nuclear Physics European Collaboration Committee
Page 1 and 2: Forward Look Perspectives of Nuclea
Page 3: Contents Foreword 3 1. Executive Su
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Page 10 and 11: 1. Executive Summary structure and
Page 12 and 13: 1. Executive Summary using slow ant
Page 14 and 15: 1. Executive Summary The role of gl
Page 16 and 17: 1. Executive Summary from the few-b
Page 18 and 19: 1. Executive Summary Advances in nu
Page 20 and 21: 1. Executive Summary and AMS or hig
Page 22 and 23: 2. Recommendations and Roadmap EURI
Page 24 and 25: 3. Research Infrastructures and Net
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3. Research Infrastructures and Net
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4. Scientific Themes 4.1 Hadron Phy
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4.1.2 Basic Properties of Quantum C
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coupling can be applied. A key tool
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opportunity to determine the moduli
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A broad experimental programme has
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4.1.4 Hadron Spectroscopy Recent Ac
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Physics Perspectives There is a mul
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Global Perspective and Efforts In t
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The longest-range parts of these fo
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concentrate their efforts and conti
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4. Scientific Themes 4.2 Phases of
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tion of state would therefore deter
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an increase at the deconfinement te
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can be described with statistical h
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Box 3. Heavy ion fragmentation and
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Figure 7. Isotopic dependence of th
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energies so far did not find indica
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4.2.5 The High-Energy Frontier The
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Figure 10. Elliptic flow parameter
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elevant experimental and analysis r
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the same time being able to precise
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technology), a three-dimensional ar
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4. Scientific Themes 4.3 Nuclear St
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4.3.2 Theoretical Aspects Ab Initio
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the continuum, as done, e.g., in th
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Each of these extensions will open
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Halos, clusters and few-body correl
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Figure 3. Mirror Energy Differences
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Superheavy elements The existence o
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Figure 5. Gamma-ray spectrum of the
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The experimental evidence for the e
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4.3.7 Ground-State Properties Figur
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For nuclear astrophysics applicatio
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A detector array for high-energy ph
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and rejection power of separators.
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4. Scientific Themes 4.4 Nuclear As
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powers many of the objects we obser
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Hydrostatic burning Stars spend the
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Significant uncertainties remain fo
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nova ejecta (a few seconds). In thi
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have to be calculated. Current micr
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An improvement in the precision of
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a neutron. Application of the detai
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urning can be treated in such a sta
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Currently, all stellar models study
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determination of abundance patterns
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4. Scientific Themes 4.5 Fundamenta
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This could be achieved at upgraded
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experiment that is currently being
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ut also scintillating bolometers as
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highest experimental sensitivities
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New time reversal invariant scalar
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due to the interference of photon a
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muon intensities. These could be ac
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4.5.4 Properties of Known Basic Int
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Highly-charged ions The fourth dire
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sponding force acts and α is a str
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ackground, call for upgrades of the
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4.6 Nuclear Physics Tools and Appli
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5.1 Contributors Hartmut Abele (Wie
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5.3 Acronyms and Abbreviations ADS
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Published by the European Science F
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