Perspectives of Nuclear Physics in Europe - European Science ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

4.6 Nuclear Physics Tools and Applications One problem of IBA techniques, in its application to paints, ceramics, or other multi-layer elements, is to disentangle the elementary composition of the different layers. This has been achieved by means of the Confocal PIXE technique, which relies on the accurate detection of X-rays using a policapillary lens before the detector. This procedure increases the X-ray intensity associated to the layers corresponding to the focal plane of the lens, and thus allows determining the depth profile of samples. Confocal PIXE provides the possibility to resolve elemental distribution in separate layers in a complex structure. This technique is used in the Louvre accelerators in paintings, and also in the Franz-Josef Institute at Lublijana in ceramics. Further development of confocal PIXE, with improvements in the depth resolution, can be achieved improving the X-ray optics of the policapillary fibers as well as the resolution of the cameras. Another procedure to obtain information in depth is the use of Differential PIXE. This technique, which has been developed in LABEC (Florence), determines the PIXE spectra for different beam energies. The higher energies penetrate deeper in the pigments, and the corresponding PIXE spectra are more sensitive to the elemental composition of the deeper layers. Higher energy accelerators can also be used for the purpose of studies of the cultural heritage. At INFN- LNS (Catania) two external proton beam lines have been developed in order to perform analysis of the interior of the metals artefacts not perturbed by surface effects (Deep Proton Activation Analysis) using 20 MeV protons, and to perform a global analysis of the artefact using 60 MeV protons. At CNA (Sevilla, Spain) the 18 MeV external proton beam will be used to perform high energy PIXE, allowing in-depth analysis of higher-Z archaeological samples, exploiting the detection of their K X rays, which are produced with reasonably high cross sections at higher beam energy and at the same time not affected – owing to the higher photon energy - by self-absorption effects in the matrix itself. Portable PIXE systems have been developed at LANDIS Laboratory of INFN-LNS, in collaboration with LNHB in CEA/Saclay. The PIXE-α system is based on the use of 1 mCi, 210 Po α source, exciting well light elements but having a low sensitivity for medium atomic number elements. The XPIXE-α system uses both alpha particles and x-rays as exciting beams. The radioactive source is 244 Cm. The new system permits to excite very well both light and medium atomic number elements. Neutron techniques Neutron activation has some advantages over charged particles as an analytic technique, because neutrons can easily penetrate thick layers of sample, and because they present selective resonant absorption for specific elements. Thermal and epithermal beams are available at some European reactors. The ISIS neutron source of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory produces pulsed neutron beams at different energies. In the last years the neutron beams have been used to perform analysis in the Cultural Heritage field. The aim of the FP6 European programme “Ancient Charm” is to investigate “Neutron Resonant Capture Imaging combined” with “Neutron Resonance Transmission” (NRCI/NRT) as a non-invasive technique for 3D tomographic imaging and its use in cultural heritage research. Figure 6. PIXE-α system ( 210 Po) measuring a gold preparation in a Pontificale from Salerno; the x-ray spectrum features an efficient excitation of light elements. AMS Techniques The by far most-used nuclide in AMS is 14 C, which is extensively used for dating in archeology and cultural heritage, biomedical research and environmental studies. Nowadays, the availability of routine AMS dating provides archaeologists with an efficient tool which allows performing multiple datings of each archaeological site. There are presently about 25 AMS facilities in Europe providing 14 C dating and several facilities are already being installed or are planned in the next few years. 192 | Perspectives of Nuclear Physics in Europe – NuPECC Long Range Plan 2010
In the past decade a new generation of AMS systems has been developed at ETH Zurich, which use multiple ion collisions to destroy molecular interference (as opposed to stripping to high charge states). This can be done at much lower energies (200 kV) resulting in a much simpler setup, reduced the overall size of the system and significantly less cost. These developments have allowed extending the number of laboratories that carry out 14 C dating, and have increased strongly the impact of AMS in archaeology and other fields. Figure 7. The new generation Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) system MICADAS developed at ETH Zurich is based on a 200 kV accelerator and allows routine measurements of 14 C at a very compact facility. This concept of a compact and easy-to-tune AMS system is attractive to many areas where 14 C measurements play a role ranging from routing 14 C dating to biomedical and environmental applications. The excellent stability of the system allows also highestprecision 14 C measurements as it is demonstrated by the dating the parchment and the seal cord of the “Goldene Handfeste” of Berne, Switzerland. This document established the town privileges making it an Imperial Free City and, effectively, an independent state. Highest-precision 14 C measurements can help to solve the ongoing controversy among scholars that the document might be a Bernese forgery from the middle of the 13 th century. Recommendations A recent FP7 project called CHARISMA is devoted to the study and conservation of cultural heritage. Transnational Access is offered to complementary multi-technique advanced facilities available in large scale European installations and medium/small laboratories. Nuclear Techniques fi gure prominently in the project, through the participation of the C2RMF-AGLAE ion beam facility at the Palais du Louvre, the nuclear microprobe facility at ATOMKI-HAS, Debrecen, Hungary and the BNC, Budapest Neutron Centre, that will grant access to a dozen of instrumental neutron end stations. CHARISMA is a good example of the creation of a broad community in order to maximize the impact of the know-how available from the Nuclear Physics on the needs of the Cultural Heritage. A European network of AMS facilities would be useful to transfer technology and training personnel. This is particularly important as more and more of the smaller AMS systems are being installed laboratories without experience in operating an accelerator-based system. Also, it could help to distribute the requests of 14 C dating, optimizing the work load of different facilities. Programmes to fund short time stays of young scientists and technicians in other laboratories, should be encouraged, especially in small accelerator centers. This will promote collaborations and exchange of skills. Outreach material (leaflets, publications) should be produced, to provide information to archaeologists, curators, and other scientists and professionals dedicated to heritage, what they can expect from the use of nuclear techniques. Perspectives of Nuclear Physics in Europe – NuPECC Long Range Plan 2010 | 193
Page 1 and 2:
Forward Look Perspectives of Nuclea
Page 3 and 4:
Contents Foreword 3 1. Executive Su
Page 5:
Foreword The goal of this European
Page 8 and 9:
1. Executive Summary 1.1.3 Objectiv
Page 10 and 11:
1. Executive Summary structure and
Page 12 and 13:
1. Executive Summary using slow ant
Page 14 and 15:
1. Executive Summary The role of gl
Page 16 and 17:
1. Executive Summary from the few-b
Page 18 and 19:
1. Executive Summary Advances in nu
Page 20 and 21:
1. Executive Summary and AMS or hig
Page 22 and 23:
2. Recommendations and Roadmap EURI
Page 24 and 25:
3. Research Infrastructures and Net
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 61 and 62:
4. Scientific Themes 4.1 Hadron Phy
Page 63 and 64:
4.1.2 Basic Properties of Quantum C
Page 65 and 66:
coupling can be applied. A key tool
Page 67 and 68:
opportunity to determine the moduli
Page 69 and 70:
A broad experimental programme has
Page 71 and 72:
4.1.4 Hadron Spectroscopy Recent Ac
Page 73 and 74:
Physics Perspectives There is a mul
Page 75 and 76:
Global Perspective and Efforts In t
Page 77 and 78:
The longest-range parts of these fo
Page 79 and 80:
concentrate their efforts and conti
Page 81 and 82:
4. Scientific Themes 4.2 Phases of
Page 83 and 84:
tion of state would therefore deter
Page 85 and 86:
an increase at the deconfinement te
Page 87 and 88:
can be described with statistical h
Page 89 and 90:
Box 3. Heavy ion fragmentation and
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 7. Isotopic dependence of th
Page 93 and 94:
energies so far did not find indica
Page 95 and 96:
4.2.5 The High-Energy Frontier The
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 10. Elliptic flow parameter
Page 99 and 100:
elevant experimental and analysis r
Page 101 and 102:
the same time being able to precise
Page 103 and 104:
technology), a three-dimensional ar
Page 105 and 106:
4. Scientific Themes 4.3 Nuclear St
Page 107 and 108:
4.3.2 Theoretical Aspects Ab Initio
Page 109 and 110:
the continuum, as done, e.g., in th
Page 111 and 112:
Each of these extensions will open
Page 113 and 114:
Halos, clusters and few-body correl
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 3. Mirror Energy Differences
Page 117 and 118:
Superheavy elements The existence o
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 5. Gamma-ray spectrum of the
Page 121 and 122:
The experimental evidence for the e
Page 123 and 124:
4.3.7 Ground-State Properties Figur
Page 125 and 126:
For nuclear astrophysics applicatio
Page 127 and 128:
A detector array for high-energy ph
Page 129 and 130:
and rejection power of separators.
Page 131 and 132:
4. Scientific Themes 4.4 Nuclear As
Page 133 and 134:
powers many of the objects we obser
Page 135 and 136:
Hydrostatic burning Stars spend the
Page 137 and 138:
Significant uncertainties remain fo
Page 139 and 140:
nova ejecta (a few seconds). In thi
Page 141 and 142:
have to be calculated. Current micr
Page 143 and 144: An improvement in the precision of
Page 145 and 146: a neutron. Application of the detai
Page 147 and 148: urning can be treated in such a sta
Page 149 and 150: Currently, all stellar models study
Page 151 and 152: determination of abundance patterns
Page 153 and 154: 4. Scientific Themes 4.5 Fundamenta
Page 155 and 156: This could be achieved at upgraded
Page 157 and 158: experiment that is currently being
Page 159 and 160: ut also scintillating bolometers as
Page 161 and 162: highest experimental sensitivities
Page 163 and 164: New time reversal invariant scalar
Page 165 and 166: due to the interference of photon a
Page 167 and 168: muon intensities. These could be ac
Page 169 and 170: 4.5.4 Properties of Known Basic Int
Page 171 and 172: Highly-charged ions The fourth dire
Page 173 and 174: sponding force acts and α is a str
Page 175: ackground, call for upgrades of the
Page 178 and 179: 4.6 Nuclear Physics Tools and Appli
Page 203 and 204: 5.1 Contributors Hartmut Abele (Wie
Page 205 and 206: 5.3 Acronyms and Abbreviations ADS
Page 207 and 208: Published by the European Science F
show all

Perspectives of Nuclear Physics in Europe - European Science ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?