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286 Notes to Pages 122–24 peer user shares one hundred works and a court chooses a mid-range figure like $10,000, a typical downloader could be held liable for $1,000,000. This may be an example of an acoustic separation opposite from Dan-Cohen’s model—penalties far harsher than what a citizen would anticipate. 100. This process appears to be at work when professors deal out harsh midterm grades, but then temper those grades by adjusting the final exam. 101. Law professor Randal Picker argues in Rewinding Sony: The Evolving Product, Phoning Home and the Duty of Ongoing Design, 55 CASE W. RES. L. REV. 749, 766–68 (2005), that legal liability for PC software authors ought to be structured so that producers are encouraged to be able to update a product from afar if it turns out that the product enables infringing uses and an update would stop them. This is a strong but dangerous argument. Indeed, gatekeeping responsibilities might not stop at a software author’s own products. OS makers could be asked to become gatekeepers for applications running on their systems. Consider, for example, the technical ease with which an OS maker could disable functionality on a tethered PC of software such as DeCSS, which enables decryption of DVDs, and for which distributors of software have been successfully sued. Any vendor of tethered software could be pressured to take such action, possibly removing the capability of noninfringing uses at the same time. The core problem with Picker’s proposal, even for those software producers who resemble traditional gatekeepers, is that it fails to take into account the generative loss from compelling software originators to retain control. 102. See Steve Sechrist, Day of Reckoning for AACS Copyright Protection, DISPLAY DAILY, Feb. 20, 2007, http://displaydaily.com/2007/02/20/day-of-reckoning-for-aacs-copyprotection/. 103. David Post, Comment on the Generative Internet (on file with the author). 104. See, e.g., Tim O’Reilly, What Is Web 2.0, O’REILLY, Sept. 30, 2005, http://www.oreilly net.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html. 105. See Wikipedia, Web 2.0: Web-based Applications and Desktops, http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Web_2#Web-based_applications_and_desktops (as of June 1, 2007, 09:00 GMT). 106. See, e.g., Mapquest, Copyright Information, http://www.mapquest.com/about/copy right.adp (last visited Dec. 1, 2007); Windows Live ID Microsoft Passport Network Terms of Use, https://accountservices.passport.net/PPTOU.srf (last visited June 1, 2007); Gmail Terms of Use, http://mail.google.com/mail/help/intl/en/terms_of_ use.html (last visited June 1, 2007). 107. Google Maps API, http://code.google.com/apis/maps/index.html (last visited Dec. 1, 2007). 108. See id. 109. Posting of Mike Pegg to Google Maps Mania, 25 Things to Do with Google, http://googlemapsmania.blogspot.com/2006/11/25-things-to-do-with-googlemaps.html (Nov. 11, 2006, 09:38). 110. See Google Maps API Terms of Service, http://code.google.com/apis/maps/terms .html (last visited June 1, 2007). 111. Brad Stone, MySpace Restrictions Upset Some Users, N.Y. TiMES, Mar. 20, 2007, at C3,
Notes to Pages 124–28 287 available at http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/20/technology/20myspace.htmlex 1332043200&en8e52c7903cb71959&ei5088&partnerrssnyt&emcrss. 112. See Michael Liedtke, Google to Stop Web Video Rentals, Sales, YAHOO! NEWS, Aug. 10, 2007, http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070811/ap_on_hi_te/google_video_4 (last visited Aug. 13, 2007); Posting of Cory Doctorow to BoingBoing, Google Video Robs Customers of the Videos They “Own,” http://www.boingboing.net/2007/08/10/ google_ video_robs_cu.html (Aug. 10, 2007, 21:34). 113. One example of this would be BitTorrent, “a peer-assisted, digital content delivery platform” that distributes the cost of sharing files by breaking them down into smaller pieces that are each supplied by separate peers in the network. BitTorrent, Company Overview, http://www.bittorrent.com/about/companyoverview (last visited Dec. 1, 2007). 114. A variety of programs already allow users to contribute idle CPU time to far-flung projects. See, e.g., Climateprediction.net, http://climateprediction.net/ (last visited June 1, 2007); Rosetta@home, What is Rosetta@home, http://boinc.bakerlab.org/rosetta /rah_about.php (last visited June 1, 2007); SETI@home, The Science of SETI@home, http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/sah_about.php (last visited June 1, 2007); World Community Grid, About Us, http://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/about_us/view AboutUs.do (last visited June 1, 2007). 115. Christopher Lawton, ‘Dumb Terminals’ Can Be a Smart Move, WALL ST. J., Jan. 30, 2007, at B3, available at http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB11701197127429 1861-oJ6FWrnA8NMPfMXw3vBILth1EiE_20080129.htmlmodblogs. 116. See generally ACCESS DENIED: THE PRACTICE AND POLICY OF GLOBAL INTERNET FIL- TERING (Ronald J. Deibert et al. eds., 2008). 117. Recursively generative applications are capable of producing not only new works, but also new generative applications that can then be used to create new works. 118. See Jonathan Zittrain, Normative Principles for Evaluating Free and Proprietary Software, 71 U. CHI. L. REV. 265, 272–73 (2004) (describing an open development model for software). CHAPTER 6. THE LESSONS OF WIKIPEDIA 1. See Matthias Schulz, Controlled Chaos: European Cities Do Away with Traffic Signs, SPIEGEL ONLINE INT’L, Nov. 16, 2006, http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/ 0,1518,448747,00.html. 2. In the United States, studies by the Federal Highway Traffic Safety Administration (FTSA) have shown that motorists disobey speed limits on non-interstates 70 percent of the time. Interview with Earl Hardy, Speeding Expert, Nat’l Highway Traffic Safety Admin., and Elizabeth Alicandri, Dir. of Office of Safety Programs, Fed. Highway Admin., WASHINGTONPOST.COM (Mar. 30, 2006), http://www.washingtonpost.com/ wp-dyn/content/discussion/2006/03/23/DI2006032301185.html. 3. Schulz, supra note 1. 4. For a discussion of the differences between rules and standards, see, for example, Alan
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The Future of the Internet— And H
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A Caravan book. For more informatio
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vi Contents Part III Solutions—14
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viii Foreword porn on the Net. But
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x Preface to the Paperback Edition
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Introduction On January 9, 2007, St
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Introduction 3 Jobs was not shy abo
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Introduction 5 some might welcome t
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I The Rise and Stall of the Generat
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The Rise and Stall of the Generativ
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1 Battle of the Boxes Herman Holler
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Battle of the Boxes 13 Rethreading
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Battle of the Boxes 15 The business
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Battle of the Boxes 17 writing new
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2 Battle of the Networks As the pri
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Battle of the Networks 21 sumptions
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Battle of the Networks 23 collectin
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Battle of the Networks 25 expense o
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Battle of the Networks 27 The Inter
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Battle of the Networks 29 compatibi
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Battle of the Networks 31 cess and
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Battle of the Networks 33 tance. Be
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Battle of the Networks 35 proved by
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Cybersecurity and the Generative Di
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Table 3.1. Rankings of malicious ac
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II After the Stall In Part I of thi
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After the Stall 65 systems function
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4 The Generative Pattern Anyone can
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The Generative Pattern 69 themselve
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The Generative Pattern 71 istics, b
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The Generative Pattern 73 is. Barri
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Table 4.1. Examples of generative t
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The Generative Pattern 77 GENERATIV
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The Generative Pattern 79 Creative
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The Generative Pattern 81 We have a
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The Generative Pattern 83 machines
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The Generative Pattern 85 even smal
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The Generative Pattern 87 pipes to
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The Generative Pattern 89 work, 46
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The Generative Pattern 91 But indep
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The Generative Pattern 93 PowerPoin
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The Generative Pattern 95 RECURSION
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The Generative Pattern 97 adaptable
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The Generative Pattern 99 chained u
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5 Tethered Appliances, Software as
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Perfect Enforcement 103 wish to ope
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Perfect Enforcement 105 for when we
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Perfect Enforcement 107 for which o
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Perfect Enforcement 109 specific, u
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Perfect Enforcement 111 by purchase
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Perfect Enforcement 113 Governments
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Perfect Enforcement 115 ernment, th
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Perfect Enforcement 117 cle cannot
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Perfect Enforcement 119 text, but b
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Perfect Enforcement 121 party innov
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Perfect Enforcement 123 very least,
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Perfect Enforcement 125 Continuous
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6 The Lessons of Wikipedia The Dutc
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The Lessons of Wikipedia 129 alized
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The Lessons of Wikipedia 131 THE RI
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The Lessons of Wikipedia 133 “not
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The Lessons of Wikipedia 135 decidi
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The Lessons of Wikipedia 137 Qualit
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The Lessons of Wikipedia 139 does l
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The Lessons of Wikipedia 141 der th
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The Lessons of Wikipedia 143 text,
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The Lessons of Wikipedia 145 trator
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The Lessons of Wikipedia 147 “sem
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III Solutions This book has explain
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Solutions 151 make it more difficul
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7 Stopping the Future of the Intern
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Stability on a Generative Net 155 o
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Stability on a Generative Net 157 c
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Stability on a Generative Net 159 g
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Stability on a Generative Net 161 n
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Stability on a Generative Net 163 d
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Stability on a Generative Net 165 e
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Stability on a Generative Net 167 e
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Stability on a Generative Net 169 a
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Stability on a Generative Net 171 G
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Stability on a Generative Net 173 m
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8 Strategies for a Generative Futur
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Strategies for a Generative Future
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Meeting the Risks of Generativity:
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Page 247 and 248: Conclusion Nicholas Negroponte, for
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Page 255 and 256: Conclusion 243 niqués that emerge
Page 257 and 258: Conclusion 245 education project, a
Page 259 and 260: Acknowledgments Many people helped
Page 261 and 262: Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Steve Jobs, C
Page 263 and 264: Notes to Pages 11-13 251 CHAPTER 1.
Page 265 and 266: Notes to Pages 17-21 253 States v.
Page 267 and 268: Notes to Pages 23-26 255 General El
Page 269 and 270: Notes to Pages 28-29 257 approach,
Page 271 and 272: Notes to Pages 32-36 259 47. See, e
Page 273 and 274: Notes to Pages 38-42 261 of cyber a
Page 275 and 276: Notes to Pages 45-47 263 .org/pdfs/
Page 277 and 278: Notes to Pages 51-54 265 84. See Pa
Page 279 and 280: Notes to Pages 61-72 267 111. U.S.
Page 281 and 282: Notes to Pages 82-88 269 havioral A
Page 283 and 284: Notes to Page 89 271 tor, http://so
Page 285 and 286: Notes to Pages 91-95 273 62. Id. 63
Page 287 and 288: Notes to Pages 96-102 275 (last vis
Page 289 and 290: Notes to Pages 104-5 277 ality in y
Page 291 and 292: Notes to Pages 108-10 279 sion, Sec
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Page 301 and 302: Notes to Pages 130-33 289 11. Norma
Page 303 and 304: Notes to Pages 137-40 291 See Nate
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Page 309 and 310: Notes to Pages 157-62 297 6. See Wi
Page 311 and 312: Notes to Pages 169-71 299 31. Paul
Page 313 and 314: Notes to Page 178 301 6. Wikipedia
Page 315 and 316: Notes to Pages 179-81 303 13. One s
Page 317 and 318: Notes to Pages 182-84 305 delays wi
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Page 321 and 322: Notes to Pages 192-96 309 laches de
Page 323 and 324: Notes to Pages 197-202 311 96. See
Page 325 and 326: Notes to Pages 204-7 313 uncommon.
Page 327 and 328: Notes to Pages 209-12 315 a Real Bu
Page 329 and 330: Notes to Pages 214-15 317 idence in
Page 331 and 332: Notes to Pages 217-18 319 sored lin
Page 333 and 334: Notes to Pages 224-25 321 1, 2007);
Page 335 and 336: Notes to Pages 227-30 323 avoided w
Page 337 and 338: Notes to Pages 232-34 325 something
Page 339 and 340: Notes to Pages 237-44 327 7. See, e
Page 341 and 342: Index accessibility, 29, 72-73, 77,
Page 343 and 344: Index 331 15; and endpoint control,
Page 345 and 346: Index 333 EMI (music company), 121
Page 347 and 348: Index 335 compared to, 73-76; limit
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Index 337 Microsoft Windows, 3, 4;
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Index 339 for other limitations, 11
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Index 341 Timex/Sinclair Z-1000, 13
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