Download - Future of the Internet – And how to stop it.

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Notes to Pages 162–68
18. See Wikipedia, Blue Screen of Death, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_screen_of_
death (as of June 1, 2007, 09:30 GMT).
19. See supra Ch. 5, at 119.
20. See Jonathan Zittrain, A History of Online Gatekeeping, 19 HARV. J.L. & TECH. 253
(2006).
21. See David P. Reed et al., Active Networking and End-to-End Arguments, IEEE NETWORK,
May/June 1998, at 69–71, available at http://web.mit.edu/Saltzer/www/publications/
endtoend/ANe2ecomment.html.
22. See Marjory S. Blumenthal, End-to-End and Subsequent Paradigms, 2002 L. REV.
M.S.U.-D.C.L. 709, 717 (2002) (remarking that end-to-end arguments “interact with
economics, public policy, and advocacy dynamically to shape access to communication
and information and to influence innovation”).
23. See infra Ch. 8, note 8.
24. See Jonathan Zittrain, The Generative Internet, 119 HARV. L. REV. 1974, 1988–89
(2006).
25. See Saul Hansell, Spam Fighters Turn to Identifying Legitimate E-Mail, N.Y. TIMES, Oct.
6, 2003, at C1 (discussing authentication and other possible solutions for limiting
spam); Yakov Shafranovich, 2004: The Year That Promised Email Authentication, CIR-
CLEID, Dec. 27, 2004, http://www.circleid.com/posts/2004_the_year_that_promised_
email_authentication (discussing various e-mail authentication proposals to limit spam
on the receiving end); see also Saul Hansell, 4 Rivals Near Agreement on Ways to Fight
Spam, N.Y. TIMES, June 23, 2004, at C1 (discussing approaches toward authentication
proposed by major ISPs).
26. See, e.g., JOHANNES ULLRICH, INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS: THE LITTLE MAN’S FIRE-
WALL (2003), http://www.sans.org/reading_room/special/index.phpid=isp_blocking
(providing a case study of traffic filtering by ISPs).
27. See John Markoff, Attack of the Zombie Computers Is a Growing Threat, Experts Say, N.Y.
TIMES, Jan. 7, 2007, § 1, at 1.
28. See Ryan Naraine, Microsoft Says Recovery from Malware Becoming Impossible, EWEEK
.COM, Apr. 4, 2006, http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1895,1945808,00.asp.
29. See, e.g., StopBadware.org Identifies Companies Hosting Large Numbers of Websites
That Can Infect Internet Users with Badware, StopBadware.org, May 3, 2007, http://
stopbadware.org/home/pr_050307 (discussing the top five hosting providers in their
clearinghouse and pointing out that while providers were often quick to help Web site
owners clean the code, they were unprepared to answer customers’ questions about vulnerabilities
that permitted hacks in the first place).
30. See Reinier H. Kraakman, Gatekeepers: The Anatomy of a Third-Party Enforcement Strategy,
2 J.L. ECON. & ORG. 61 (1986) (identifying four criteria for the appropriateness of
legal intervention: “(1) serious misconduct that practicable penalties cannot deter; (2)
missing or inadequate private gatekeeping incentives; (3) gatekeepers who can and will
prevent misconduct reliably, regardless of the preferences and market alternatives of
wrongdoers; and (4) gatekeepers whom legal rules can induce to detect misconduct at
reasonable cost”).