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Contribution of the World Heritage Convention to building support for the global protected area system 13 Figure 13.1 Schematic representation of the relationship of World Heritage Sites to other types of protected areas Outstanding Universal Value Sites can only cross the threshold if they meet WH criteria and stringent requirements of Outstanding Universal Value World Heritage Other International (e.g. Ramsar, MAB, Geoparks) Regional Sites and Networks (e.g. Natura 2000, ASEAN and Heritage Parks) Sub-Regional Sites (e.g. transboundary PAs, Peace Parks) Emphasis on representativity and ecosystem, landscape, habitat and species conservation through effective PA systems and ecological networks National Sites/PA Systems (e.g. national parks, nature reserves, private reserves, monuments, NGO designations such as IBAs, ecological networks) Sub-National Sites (e.g. regional parks, provincial and district reserves) measures were foreseen by the drafters of the Convention as being essential elements that would make up a heritage protection framework for all countries. Case studies presented during the preparatory workshop and at the World Parks Congress demonstrate that WH serves to contribute to protected area systems generally via two main directions: through raising the standards of management throughout the system; and by helping to develop new strategic thinking and policies about protected areas in general. How World Heritage can assist in raising standards of protected area management World Heritage standards of management By definition, WH sites are those areas of “outstanding universal value” and it is expected that they will be models of “best practice”, demonstrating the highest standards of management. Although there is no statement to this effect in the Convention text or in the Operational Guidelines for the Convention, WH sites are expected to play a leadership role and provide models of management that could be promoted and applied to other areas in the protected area system. For example, it is a requirement that all WH sites have a management plan. Much effort by State Parties, often with support from the WH Fund, has gone towards preparing plans to ensure that this fundamental requirement of effective management is met. Many of these plans have broken new ground in terms of their scope and process (e.g. in the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves of Australia and China’s Three Parallel Gorges Protected Areas). Virtually all natural WH sites now have some form of management plan and/or management policy statement. In many cases the management planning exercise for a WH site was the first attempted in the country and has led to similar initiatives for other areas in the system. At the broader bioregional planning scale some WH sites have led the way in system-wide planning. One of the first was the regional conservation plan for Fraser Island and the Great Sandy region of Australia which was complemented by regional plans for the Great Barrier Reef and the Wet Tropics. Similar regional conservation planning has been carried out in the Serengeti ecosystem in Tanzania, the Ruta Maya 171
13 Friends for Life: New partners in support of protected areas Niru village (2700m), Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas, China. <strong>IUCN</strong> Photo Library © Jim Thorsell and Path of the Panther in Central America, the Inca Trail in the Andes and the Yellowstone to Yukon in Canada and the USA. WH sites form the core of many of these attempts to establish linkages and corridors between networks of protected areas which are essential to establishing long-term ecological viability for many species. Several of the above examples involve transboundary agreements and peace parks which also serve to demonstrate the role of WH in fostering international cooperation. Examples in addition to the above are cooperative agreements signed between Brazil and Argentina on management of the Iguazu WH site, and similar transfrontier agreements between Zambia and Zimbabwe on Victoria Falls, Panama and Columbia on the Darien/Los Katios WH site, Belize and Mexico on the western Caribbean reef system and the current nomination of the Borneo rainforest reserves of Malaysia and Indonesia. WH sites also perform another exemplary role for the rest of the system in terms of monitoring and reporting on trends and threats. This on-going periodic reporting activity is also required under the Operational Guidelines and has proved its worth in many cases in terms of taking corrective actions to mitigate or avert management deficiencies (specific examples are contained in Thorsell (2003) and Wilson and Wilson (2004)). It is not known how widely this “state of the parks” practice has been adopted but it has been applied with useful results in Canada and in some States in Australia. One key issue that has been defined as a priority in many protected area fora is capacity building. Here there have been many spillover effects to other protected areas from using WH sites as focal points for training activities. As noted by Phillips (2003): “A case in point is the series of workshops held in and near WH sites as part of the UN Foundation-backed 172
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Chief Scientist’s Office Friends
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Friends for Life New partners in su
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Table of contents Foreword Kenton M
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the management of protected areas,
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Introduction IUCN Photo Library ©
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Building broader support for protec
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chapter 1 © Jeffrey A. McNeely A t
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A taxonomy of support: how and why
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chapter 2 © Patricio Robles Gil/Si
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Extractive industries as a new cons
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chapter 3 © Ted Trzyna Urban dwell
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Urban dwellers and protected areas:
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chapter 4 IUCN Photo Library © Jim
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The role of hunting in promoting pr
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chapter 5 © AHEAD Building support
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Building support for protected area
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chapter 6 © Charles Besançon Prot
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Protected areas and the security co
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chapter 7 © Thomas O. McShane Prot
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Protected areas and development ass
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chapter 8 © Corbis Protected areas
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Protected areas and local and indig
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chapter 9 IUCN Photo Library © Jim
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Protected areas and indigenous peop
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Page 142 and 143: Building cultural support for prote
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Page 208 and 209: x Acronyms ADB Asian Development Ba
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Page 213 and 214: x Baillie, Barry. 2002. New Gummut
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Page 217 and 218: x Convention of Biological Diversit
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x Pedersen, Arthur. 2002. Managing
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x Rodrigues A.S., S.J. Andelman, M.
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x Scott Wilson Resource Consultants
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x Taber, A., G. Novarro and M.A. Ar
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x Von Droste, Berndt and N. Ishwara
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x World Parks Congress Outputs. 200
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Front Cover Photographs Olga group
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