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chapter 3 © Ted Trzyna Urban dwellers and protected areas: natural allies by Ted Trzyna Editor’s introduction Protected areas may seem to be the opposite of cities, with the former celebrating nature while the latter are essentially human-made environments. Yet in this chapter, Ted Trzyna shows that people living in cities are both highly dependent on protected areas (for example, protected areas provide water to cities and make substantial contributions to social welfare), and protected areas depend on urban people, for political support, economic support, and the biodiversity conserved in urban settings. This chapter contains numerous examples of cities that are working to enhance the relationship between urban people and protected areas, through providing opportunities for the urban poor to visit protected areas, establishing partnerships with students and the interested public, and establishing protected areas within cities. When cities adopt an ecosystem approach to management, they can make significant contributions to national strategies for conserving biodiversity, and this in turn will greatly benefit protected areas if a real commitment is made to enable urban people to experience nature. Bringing together those working on urban problems with those working on conservation problems can provide multiple benefits, not least in building a stronger political constituency that can yield significant support for sustainable livelihoods and yield a better quality of life for urban people. Photo: Angeles National Forest (San Gabriel Mountains) from Pasadena in metropolitan Los Angeles. 35
3 Friends for Life: New partners in support of protected areas Introduction Cities have had a bad name in many quarters of the conservation community, even though most conservationists live in cities and depend on urban people for political and financial support. Conversely, the conservation movement has had a bad name among many who work on urban problems, even though protected areas safeguard the larger ecosystems on which cities depend. The truth is that protecting nature and improving city life are interdependent goals. Conservation and urban leaders are natural allies. The challenge is in making the right connections. A rapidly urbanizing world The distribution of the world’s population between rural and urban areas is changing fast. Globally, the proportion of people living in cities rose from about 30% in 1950 to 47% in 2000, and is projected to reach 50% in 2007 and 61% by 2030. Contrary to a commonly held belief, the proportion of people living in “megacities” (urban agglomerations of 10 million inhabitants or more) is small, less than 4%. In fact, most urban dwellers live in settlements with fewer than half a million inhabitants, and some of the fastest growing cities have relatively small populations. The world regions show marked differences in the level and pace of urbanization. In the Americas, Europe, and Oceania, the proportion of people living in urban areas is already over 70%. Although the figures for Africa and Asia are currently much lower, 38% and 37%, respectively, many cities in those regions are projected to double their populations in the next 15 years (UN, 2004). Almost all the global population increase expected during 2000–2030 will be absorbed by the urban areas of the less developed regions. Based on current trends, most of these new urban dwellers will live in overcrowded slums, often situated on marginal and dangerous land, without sanitation or easily accessible access to clean water. According to the Cities Alliance, a World Bank-based partnership of official development agencies and global associations of local authorities, “ignoring this policy challenge risks condemning hundreds of millions of people to an urban future of misery, insecurity, and environmental degradation on a truly awesome scale” (CA, 2004). These trends have important implications for the conservation community. Cities depend on protected areas Protected areas provide important benefits to city dwellers, ranging from education and healthy recreation to watershed protection, biodiversity conservation, food and fuel, and income from tourism. However, these benefits have rarely been catalogued or presented in clear terms and urban residents generally have a poor understanding of them. Research documenting such benefits can be very useful in demonstrating the value of protected areas to decision makers, as is shown by the following examples. Documenting water supply in the world’s largest cities Over a third of the world’s hundred largest cities draw a substantial proportion of their drinking water from protected forests. The agencies responsible for protecting these areas range from national park services to municipal water departments. Forested watersheds almost always result in purer water than alternative land uses. In a world in which an estimated one billion city dwellers lack clean water, this is a powerful argument for preserving and restoring forests (Dudley and Stolton, 2005). Protected areas are an important means for doing so. Demonstrating social benefits The idea that protected areas provide substantial health and other social benefits to urban people is not a new one. The American landscape architect Fredrick Law Olmsted wrote in 1870 that nature “operates by unconscious processes to relax and relieve tensions created by the artificial surroundings of urban life” (Maller et al., 2002). However, only recently have these benefits started to be examined critically and systematically. One important such initiative is sponsored by the park agency of the Australian state 36
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Building cultural support for prote
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Building support for protected area
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Contribution of the World Heritage
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Some conclusions and ways ahead 15
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x Acronyms ADB Asian Development Ba
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x Thomas O. McShane Senior Conserva
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x Baillie, Barry. 2002. New Gummut
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x Brown, K. 2004. Trade-off Analysi
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x Convention of Biological Diversit
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x Eagles, P., S. McCool and C. Hain
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x GEF. 2004. GEF and the Convention
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x Homsey, J. 1999. Ape Tourism and
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x Kalema-Zikusoka, G., R.A. Kock an
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x Leung, Y.F., J.L. Marion and T.A.
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x McCullough, D. 1996. Spatially st
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x Murphree, M.W. 2000. Community-ba
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x Pedersen, Arthur. 2002. Managing
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x Rodrigues A.S., S.J. Andelman, M.
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x Scott Wilson Resource Consultants
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x Taber, A., G. Novarro and M.A. Ar
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Front Cover Photographs Olga group
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