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chapter 6 © Charles Besançon Protected areas and the security community by Anne Hammill Editor’s introduction Protected areas are often located in remote areas that are subject to conflict, but they can also make important contributions to peace. The security community includes the military, peace and development agencies, and governing bodies that are formulating and enforcing policies related to conflict and peacebuilding. This community increasingly is recognising that protected areas represent numerous strategic interests and are often located in volatile socio-political settings. Anne Hammill has shown the close relationship between protected areas and security, and suggests appropriate roles for the various parts of the security community. The military can help provide assets for biodiversity protection, and engage in practices that are not harmful to protected areas. Peace and development agencies can help to build the capacity of protected area staff in conflict analysis, help integrate conflict sensitivity into protected area design and management, offer support in conflict management and resolution processes, and integrate protected area activities into post-conflict reconstruction and peacebuilding. The relevant government decision makers can ensure that appropriate measures are taken to avoid conflict in protected areas, ensure that financial and technical assistance continues to be provided to protected areas during times of social unrest and conflict and encourage the appropriate use of protected areas in demobilization, disarmament and re-integration policies in post-conflict situations. The complex links between protected areas, human security and conflict deserve much greater attention, leading to benefits for both biodiversity and rural people. Photo: Approaching the border of Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to track mountain gorillas. The region has been at the centre of violent conflict for decades as armies, militias, poachers and refugees move between Uganda, Rwanda and the DRC. 81
6 Friends for Life: New partners in support of protected areas Introduction: the links between protected areas and security Issues related to the design, establishment and management of protected areas (PAs) have traditionally been the purview of conservationists, resource managers, and with the advent of community-based conservation, community development practitioners. But with a growing body of research showing that environmental degradation, access to natural resources, and targeted conservation strategies – including the management of PAs – are contributing to and affected by conflict and security, the range of groups interested in PA issues is expanding to include security actors. The links between PA and security are complex. Protected areas are inherently political, as they are mechanisms of resource control and power, with a wide range of interests seeking access to PA resources. In fact, protected areas represent different things to different interests. For conservationists, they are an effective measure for protecting biodiversity; for private tourism companies, a basis for tourism development; for pharmaceutical companies, a source of genetic information for drug development; for oil and mining companies, an unexplored potential supply of revenue; for the military, a refuge and strategic target during times of violent conflict; and for surrounding local communities, PAs can signify restricted access to livelihood resources, forced relocation, opportunities for income generation through tourism revenues, or a source of ecosystem services. With so many (sometimes conflicting) political and economic understandings of the role of PAs, it comes as no surprise that they can present risks of conflict. In addition to the multiplicity of interests surrounding PAs, it is important to remember that they exist within complex social and political contexts where issues such as poverty, inequity, contested resource rights, corruption, and ethnic tensions – factors that traditionally contribute to conflict – can further politicize PA policies, creating grievances that, when left unaddressed, can escalate into more open forms of conflict. PAs can also become embroiled in ongoing military conflicts, through their use as strategic bases for combatants or refugee camps in <strong>IUCN</strong> Photo Library © Jim Thorsell Uranium mine in Kakadu NP, Australia. post-conflict settings. Thus, the (mis)management of PAs can be both a cause and symptom of insecurity. This chapter will elaborate on why the security community (defined below) has a vested interest in the design and management of protected areas, and how their interests can be best strengthened and translated into mutually supportive policies that contribute to conservation and peace-building goals. It will start with a brief discussion on the links between environment and security, which will set the stage for a more in-depth look at the links between specific environmental concerns (i.e. biodiversity and ecosystem conservation) and certain security interests (i.e. social disruption, violent conflict and peacebuilding). Attention will then be turned to how the security community can contribute to the effective establishment and management of PAs. Background: the environment as a security issue Understanding the mutual interest in the relationship between PA and security communities requires an understanding of the broader links between environment and security. The body of work that has analysed and sought to address these links has included academic and conceptual, scientific, policyoriented and even very practical applications. While at 82
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Chief Scientist’s Office Friends
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Friends for Life New partners in su
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Table of contents Foreword Kenton M
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the management of protected areas,
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Introduction IUCN Photo Library ©
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Building broader support for protec
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chapter 1 © Jeffrey A. McNeely A t
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A taxonomy of support: how and why
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chapter 2 © Patricio Robles Gil/Si
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Extractive industries as a new cons
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Building cultural support for prote
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chapter 11 © Paul F.J. Eagles Buil
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Building support for protected area
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chapter 12 © D. Ostergren Making c
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Making connections: the tactics, ar
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chapter 13 IUCN Photo Library © Ji
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Contribution of the World Heritage
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chapter 14 IUCN Photo Library © Ji
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Communication as a means of buildin
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chapter 15 © Jeffrey A. McNeely So
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Some conclusions and ways ahead 15
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Some conclusions and ways ahead 15
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x Acronyms ADB Asian Development Ba
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x Thomas O. McShane Senior Conserva
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x Baillie, Barry. 2002. New Gummut
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x Brown, K. 2004. Trade-off Analysi
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x Convention of Biological Diversit
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x Eagles, P., S. McCool and C. Hain
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x GEF. 2004. GEF and the Convention
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x Homsey, J. 1999. Ape Tourism and
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x Kalema-Zikusoka, G., R.A. Kock an
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x Leung, Y.F., J.L. Marion and T.A.
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x McCullough, D. 1996. Spatially st
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x Murphree, M.W. 2000. Community-ba
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x Pedersen, Arthur. 2002. Managing
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x Rodrigues A.S., S.J. Andelman, M.
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x Scott Wilson Resource Consultants
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x Taber, A., G. Novarro and M.A. Ar
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x Von Droste, Berndt and N. Ishwara
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x World Parks Congress Outputs. 200
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Front Cover Photographs Olga group
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