Hip hop identity in a township reality. - Poppunt

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percent was reserved for whites, with only about thirteen percent divided into ten homelands for blacks although they counted for sixty percent of the population (Wikipedia). Four of them were given independence (see the Tomlinson proposition) but this was never recognised by the international community. The six other homelands received regional self-rule (Vervliet: 12). The ultimate goal would be that all black South Africans would loose their status of South African citizens and acquire the nationality of their homeland. In reality, the homeland policy was not strictly taken. Many blacks lived outside their ascribed homelands because of the lack of an economical basis there (Vervliet: 18). If they wanted to earn money, they had no choice but to go to the white cities. Several (political) parties began to oppose against the established apartheid regime in the form of strikes and protest marches. The African National Congress (hereafter ANC; established in 1912 to defend the black people’s rights) (Vervliet: 21) was one of them. In 1959 some former ANC members set up the more militant Pan African Congress (PAC). They held several demonstrations against the pass laws among others. Marches were organised to police stations where people burned their passes as a way of protest against the system (Ross: 158). On the 21 st of March 1960, a crowd of black people assembled in a township called Sharpeville to demonstrate against the identity cards that they had to carry according to the pass law. The crowd (estimates about the number of people vary tremendously from 300 to 20.000) proceeded to the local police station and gave themselves up for arrest for not carrying their passbooks. About 300 policemen opened fire on the unarmed and non-violent demonstrators from which 69 were killed (according to Walraet 72 people were killed) and 186 injured (Ross: 158). Most of them had been shot in the back. This event is recorded in history as the ‘Sharpeville Massacre’. After this, the government banned the ANC and the PAC and several members were arrested. Even so, nation-wide demonstrations continued, along with a massive stay-away from work was organised. After the Rivonia trial (which was condemned by the UN Security Council), Nelson Mandela (the ANC leader) and seven other fellow leaders were sentenced to life imprisonment at Robben Island for terrorism in June 1964 (Wikipedia). Oliver Thambo, also a leader of the ANC escaped the country and lead the ANC in exile for the next thirty years (Wikipedia). Between the 1960s and the early 1980s the government implemented a policy of resettlement (Wikipedia). People were forced to move to the homelands they were assigned (Wikipedia). Estimates claim that about three and a half million people
were forced to move during this period (Wikipedia). One of the most well known and remembered removals is that of District Six in Cape Town in 1965. More than 55.000 people (mostly coloureds and Indians) were forced to move to new townships on the Cape Flats 25 kilometres away because of the realisation of the Group Areas Act, which gave the apartheid government the authority to proclaim certain areas as ‘white’, ‘coloured’, or ‘Indian’ 6 . The old houses were bulldozed and the District Six area became a ‘whites-only’ zone (Wikipedia). The site of Sophiatown in Johannesburg was raised to the ground in 1957 to make way for the ‘white area’ of Triomf (Wikipedia). Inhabitants were sent to Soweto (an acronym for South Western Township). Violence climaxed again between 1984 and 1988. The political reformations that Botha enforced missed the expected effect. The social position of the black people became worse. A young generation grew angry and hopeless, the future looked bleak. In 1983 a new constitution was established. Coloureds and Asian people had a voice in the policy from then on. Still, black people were left in the cold (Vervliet: 74). To suppress the anger and the resistance from the blacks, armed forces patrolled the towns and destroyed black squatter camps (Crosroads) in 1986. The killing technique called necklacing – a car tyre put around the victim’s neck and set alight - was very popular at that time. 2.3. External and internal resistance Nationwide, South African apartheid was condemned because of its unjust and racist nature. The United Nations introduced several sanctions and called upon an international convention (The International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid) (Wikipedia). With this convention it became possible to legally apply sanctions to put the South African government under pressure (Wikipedia). Some examples of (economical) sanctions: investors were pressured not to put money into South African companies, tourism was boycotted and South African sports teams were banned from international events (Wikipedia). Also an arms embargo was established after the Soweto uprising in 1976 (see below). On 30 April 1976, children at the Orlando West Junior school in Soweto went on strike as a reaction to the language policy in education that forced schools to use Afrikaans in class (Wikipedia). Soon, other schools joined in the strike. On 16 June 6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Six
Page 1 and 2: Universiteit Gent Faculteit Lettere
Page 3 and 4: 3. Conclusion 52 4. GANGSTA RAP (KD
Page 5 and 6: music they make). The concept of id
Page 7 and 8: the Hoofweg Primary School in Wesba
Page 9 and 10: There is no further message in the
Page 11 and 12: adopted it for the name of their gr
Page 13 and 14: songs, he will perform his own acts
Page 15: where the many townships arose. The
Page 19 and 20: protests; many people were killed c
Page 21 and 22: The unemployment rate is very high,
Page 23 and 24: apartheid state imposed before 1990
Page 25 and 26: particularly interesting that we fo
Page 27 and 28: 100% perfectly so I wouldn’t be e
Page 29 and 30: y writing a song in English in orde
Page 31 and 32: If he does not understand the langu
Page 33 and 34: to more than just his people. Not o
Page 35 and 36: 2. Findings When we examine the rep
Page 37 and 38: English is used by our interviewees
Page 39 and 40: The reason why we discuss the topic
Page 41 and 42: Secondly, he tries to motivate yout
Page 43 and 44: apartheid, somebody that passed awa
Page 45 and 46: narrative. As such, the songs are e
Page 47 and 48: “That’s what we doing / make su
Page 49 and 50: man I’ve got guns / yeah right sh
Page 51 and 52: nigga who was like you know not an
Page 53 and 54: “More and more of the kids are re
Page 55 and 56: They are giving advice through the
Page 57 and 58: audience, in the mid nineties, it h
Page 59 and 60: will try to reach the same luxury,
Page 61 and 62: “But it’s being portrayed by th
Page 63 and 64: ecause it suggests it is all right,
Page 65 and 66: In this part we assess the given an
Page 67 and 68:
Our interviewees do see a bigger pi
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2.1. Generally accepted opinion and
Page 71 and 72:
themselves was: what do bilingual s
Page 73 and 74:
Code-switched speech itself by the
Page 75 and 76:
used codes (in contradistinction to
Page 77 and 78:
ethnic boundaries, and it raises is
Page 79 and 80:
1998a: 272) states that three dimen
Page 81 and 82:
about seven million black second-la
Page 83 and 84:
for example the features of BSAE ar
Page 85 and 86:
2) Omission of articles How many pe
Page 87 and 88:
Gough distinguish, but that did not
Page 89 and 90:
- to battle: to compete, usually fr
Page 91 and 92:
Those guys that I was rolling with.
Page 93 and 94:
American code to claim membership o
Page 95 and 96:
further on in this chapter, these t
Page 97 and 98:
CONCLUSION For a particular segment
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Hip hop identity in a township reality. - Poppunt

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