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Draft Black Sea Regional Transmission Project ESIA 1500 20 1300 15 1100 900 10 700 500 5 300 0 -5 Gardabani Gardabani Marneuli Margneuli Tetritskaro Tetritskaro Tsalka Tsalka Akhalkalaki Akhalkalaki Aspindza Aspindza Akhaltsikhe Akhaltsikhe Baghdati Baghdati Zestafoni Zestafoni 500 45025 400 35020 300 25015 200 150 10 10 0 505 0 0 -5 -10 Annual Average Precipitation (mm) Seasonal Precipitation (mm) Aver. Wint Aver. Spring Aver. Annual Aver. Min Aver. Max Aver. Summer Aver. Autumn Figure 4.1-3. Precipitation Profile along Transmission Line Multiyear Average Annual Temperature, (east °C to west Multiyear = left to Seasonal right) Average Temperature, °C Gardabani Gardabani Margneuli Margneuli Tetritskaro Tetritskaro Tsalka Tsalka Akhalkalaki Akhalkalaki Aspindza Aspindza Akhaltsikhe Akhaltsikhe Baghdati Baghdati Zestafoni Zestafoni Winter Spring Summer Autumn Figure 4.1-1. Air Temperature Profile along Transmission Line For the transitional section of the pipeline route between east and west, where the area between the Bedeni plateau and the Javaketi Range lies, the annual mean ground surface temperature is 13.2°C. The annual mean ground surface temperature farther west decreases to 7-8°C, owing to generally cooler air temperatures in these climatic regions. Then, soil temperature rises further to the west. 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 Gardabani Precipitation. There is a distinct increase in the amount Aver. Annual Aver. Max of annual precipitation from the Aver. Min east to the west of the country, as shown in Figure 4.1-3. At Figure 4.1-2: Multiyear Average Annual Soil Temperature, °C the Azerbaijan-Georgia border average monthly rainfall is 35 mm, which is well distributed round the year. Winter, with 16-17 millimeters, is the driest period. Average annual precipitation is below 400 millimeters. Mean annual precipitation in the transitional climate region is approximately 700 millimeters, with a maximum in spring and summer. Further to the west (to the right of figure 4.1-3), precipitation decreases to abut 500 mm until the corridor reaches higher elevations in the west, where it abruptly increases to 1300 millimeters annually. Compared to the east, where maximum precipitation falls in spring and summer, in the western Georgia major precipitation occurs in autumn and winter. In general, wind speeds along corridor range vary between an average minimum of 1 meters per second (m/sec) to an average maximum of 3.8 m/sec. Akhaltsikhe district has the 36 Margneuli Tetritskaro Tsalka Akhalkalaki Aspindza Akhaltsikhe Baghdati Zestafoni
Draft Black Sea Regional Transmission Project ESIA lowest winds, with an average speed of 1.6 meters per second (m/sec). Akhalkalaki and Baghdati districts are the windiest, with average speeds of 3 m/sec and 2.8 m/sec respectively. Along the eastern section of the route, winds are more intensive in spring and summer, while the remainder of the route is windiest in winter and spring (see the right chart in Figure 4.1.1-4).. Maximum wind rates are 10-15 times the average speed: maximum wind rates of 17-20 m/sec (left chart in Figure 4.1-5) may occur along the route perhaps once a year, while much higher wind speeds, up to 33 m/sec, may occur at much longer intervals. 35 4 30 3.5 25 3 20 15 2.5 2 1.5 10 1 5 0.5 0 Gardabani Margneuli Tetritskaro Tsalka Akhalkalaki Aspindza Akhaltsikhe Baghdati Zestafoni 0 Gardabani Margneuli Tetritskaro Tsalka Akhalkalaki Aspindza Akhaltsikhe Baghdati Zestafoni Av er. Annual Per 5 Years Per 15 Years Per 1 Year Per 10 Years Per 20 Year Av er. Annual Spring Autumn Winter Summer Maximum Wind Rate in Expectance Period Average Annual and Average Seasonal Wind Rate Figure 4.1.1-4. Average Annual and Maximum Wind Speed (m/sec) 4.1.2 Major Landscapes and Ecosystems The ecosystems of the entire Caucasus area are highly diverse and include a broad range of landscapes, from semi-deserts and arid shrublands to mesophylic relict broadleaf forests and alpine grasslands. These landscapes and ecosystems harbor a variety of plant and animal species representing a mixture of Mediterranean, Eastern European, and Near Eastern floras and faunas, combined with a high proportion of regional endemics (reaching 20-30 percent of the total species number in certain taxonomic groups) (UNDP, 2007) The Caucasus Ecoregion has been identified by Conservation International as one of the world’s 25 biodiversity hotspots due to high species diversity and significantly threatened local ecosystems (UNDP, 2007). This demonstrates the ecological importance and fragility of this area. This diversity of the ecoregion is well-reflected over the corridor of the transmission line which passes through three administrative regions and nine administrative district as it covers 283 kilometers as it runs from semi-arid Gardabani lowland through highmountainous Javakheti until it reaches the humid subtropical mountains of Baghdati and Zestaphoni in western Georgia. The first subsection below describes many of the ecosystems and sensitive sites along the transmission line route, from east to west 3 . The second subsection (4.1.2.2) describes the three protected areas crossed by the line. 3 This section relies heavily upon BTC Co. (2002) for details of ecosystem and plant assemblages in each District. 37
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