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Draft Black Sea Regional Transmission Project ESIA 4.1.6.2.1 Fragments of steppe vegetation and arid open woodlands Isolated fragments of steppe vegetation here, with some thorn steppe and arid open woodlands (Figure 4.1-15), are found up to near Tetritskaro and particularly on the Disveli watershed plateau, between the Ktsia and Algeti rivers, where more notable are GRL, RDB species: Acer ibericum, Celtis caucasica and single individuals of Pistacia mutica (Ketskhoveli, 1960). 4.1.6.2.2 Thorne steppe with forest elements These communities are considered to Figure 4.1-15. Tetritskaro upper edge forest be derivative of forests. They are developed on the area between the foothills north-west of Kumisi village to near Tetritskaro (Durnuki plateau). Paliurus spinachisti is the dominant species. Other components of this vegetation are Acer ibericum, Celtis caucasica, Pistacia mutica, Crataegus pontica, Amygdalus georgica (GRL, RDB species), Rhamnus pallasii, Crataegus monogyna, Spiraea hypericifolia, Catoneaster spp., Cerasus incana, Carpinus orientalis, Quercus iberica, etc. Herbaceous plants include Bothriochloa ischaemum, Festuca sulcata, Stipa capillata, Thymus tiflisiensis, Artemisia fragrans and other steppe species. 4.1.6.2.3 Oak and hornbeam forests Oak forests, dominated by Georgian oak, Quercus iberica from about Tsintskaro village to the Tetritskaro section, the area with significant indications of the anthropogenic impact. According to Ketskhoveli (1960), floristic composition of one of the variants of oak forests (Tetritskaro environs, Nachivchavebi, 1100 meters above seal level) includes Quercus iberica, Carpinus caucasica, Carpinus orientalis, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer campestre, Pyrus caucasica, Malus orientalis, Sorbus torminalis, Cerasus avium, Prunus divaricata, Prunus spinosa, Grossularia reclinata, Cornus mas, Swida (Cornus) australis. Northeast of Tetritskaro between villages Bogvi and Chkhikvta, at 800 meters above sea level, the same author described oak forest stand as being very changed by man’s intervention. As a result of degradation of this natural stand the components of arid open woodlands, viz. Paliurus spina-christi, Rhamnus pallasii, Spiraea hypericifolia, etc. were admixed. In this area there are also well developed oak-hornbeam forests. As an example the following floristic composition can be shown (Korkhrami, left tributary of the Ktsia river): Carpinus caucasica, Quercus iberica, Acer campestre, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer ibericum, Sorbus graeca, Pyrus caucasica, Malus orientalis, Celtis caucasica, Crataegus curvisepala, (as C. kyrtostyla,) Crataegus pentagyna, Cornus mas, Cornus (Swida) australis, Rosa canina, Prunus divaricata. In the area of the upper Korkhrami River, where climate conditions are more humid, oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) appears. The floristic composition of this forest includes Carpinus caucasica, Fagus orientalis, Quercus iberica, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer campestre, Acer platanoides, Sorbus graeca, Pyrus caucasica, Malus orientalis, Sorbus aucuparia (as S. caucasigena), Corylus avellana, Tilia begoniifolia (as T. caucasica), Sambucus nigra, Salix caprea, Ostrya carpinifolia, Ulmus scabra, Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus pentagyna, 60
Draft Black Sea Regional Transmission Project ESIA Cerasus avium, Lonicera caprifolium, Lonicera iberica, Philadelphus caucasicus, Cornus mas, Euonymus europaea, Swida australis, Crossularia reclinata, Mespilus germanica, etc. Hornbeam forests of the territory under review differ from other types of Georgian hornbeam forest in having in its floristic composition such GRL, RDB trees as Celtis caucasica and Acer ibericum. The following is the original variant of hornbeam forest described in the environs of Samshvilde village situated in the Ktsia river gorge: Carpinus caucasica, Acer campestre, Acer ibericum, Celtis caucasica, Fraxinus excelsior, Rhus coriaria, Cornus mas, Crataegus pentagyna (as C. melanocarpa), Crataegus monogyna, Swida (Cornus) australis, Mespilus germanica, etc. There are also hornbeam forests that have been changed due to man’s activity. As a result of such changes, oriental hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis), Georgian oak (Quercus iberica), as well as Christis thorn (Paliurus spina-christi) and other xerophilic shrub species appear. 4.1.6.2.4 Oriental oak mixed broadleaf forests Northwest of Tetritskaro town the transmission line corridor passes through mixed broadleaved oak forest massif covering the area from Tetritskaro-Tsalka road north side to Bedeni plateau at altitudes of about 1150-1700 meters. GRL, RDB species include oriental or high mountain oak, with Quercus macranthera dominant. Other GRL, RDB species are elms, Ulmus glabra, Ulmus elliptica. Iberian hazelnut, Corylus iberica may also be found here. In addition to Quercus macranthera, the main woody species of the areas include hornbeam, Carpinus caucasica, oriental beech, Fagus orientalis, oriental hornbeam, Carpinus orientalis, Georgian (Iberian) oak, Quercus iberica (sometimes referred to as Q. petraea subsp. iberica (Karagöz, 2001)). Other broad leaved species include cer campestre, Acer laetum, Acer trautvetteri, Fraxinus excelsior, Betula pendula, Populus tremula. Some others have scattered distribution but are nevertheless valuable for their structural-functional role in the species-mixed forest ecosystem. Flora in this forest area is also remarkably rich in biodiversity and contributes to an ecosystem of high conservation value. The transmission line route follows the bank of the gorge of river Chiv-chavi from Tetritskaro to Bedeni plateau. The upper vertical zone of the Chiv-chavi gorge (800-1,300 meters above sea level) supports middle mountainous zone forests, which are dependent on microrelief and slope exposure and are comprised of Georgian oak (Quercus iberica), hornbeam (Carpinus caucasica), field maple (Acer campestre), etc. In floodplain forests, white willow (Salix alba) communities have a fragmentary distribution although typical floodplain forests are not developed in this gorge. 4.1.6.3 Bedeni Plateau to Ktsia upper reaches Several figures show aspects of vegetation and flora in this section: Figures 4-2b and 4-2c show ecosystems, Figures 4-6b and 4-6c show various types of agricultural and other vegetation zones, and Figures 4-11b and 4-11c show areas of medium and high sensitivity. All these figures are at the end of Chapter 4. As can be seen, an area just west of Tetritskaro is considered to be highly sensitive, as are areas farther west, near Tsalka Reservoir. 4.1.6.3.1 Bedeni Plateau wetland area As the corridor reaches Bedeni plateau at altitudes 1690-1730 meters, orchid species distinguish about 5 hectares of sensitive wetlands of high conservative value. Dactylorhiza urvilleana (In soviet botanical sources (Flora, 1941; Identification guide, 1969; Cherepanov, 1981), Dactylorhiza urvilleana is referred to as D. triphylla, Orchis amblyoloba (O. 61
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