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Draft Black Sea Regional Transmission Project ESIA palustre is present in all the associations in different abundance. Wetland elements are found in higher abundance in sedge-dominated communities occurring in places of former wetlands. Flat hills mainly covered by fescue (Festuca supina) are located around the wetland. Other elements of the alpine meadows such as lady’s mantle, caraway, etc. occur between the hills. Mosses, including Polytrichum gracile, Aulacomnium palustre and sometimes lichens are also found on the hills. Caucasian rhododendron occurs at the hill bases in some areas. This type of the peatbogs is rare not only in the Minor Caucasus, but also the Greater Caucasus. In slow-flowing sections of river Ktsia Batrachietum purum (Batrachium divaricatum) is abundant with admixed groups of Potamogeton lucens. The latter species forms pure community in places or is admixed to Potamogetonetum natansae purum in quite high abundance or in groups. Equisetetum heleochariae purum (Equisetum heleocharis) is also frequent on silty substrate of the shoreline. The association is characterized by tall herbage and fairly closed canopy. Carex inflata, Polygonum amphibium are admixed in low abundance. The above associations, as well as Caricetum inflatae purum fragmentarily distributed along the shoreline, are floristically and structurally fairly simple. Heleocharietum eupalustrae purum also occurs in patches on the lake shores. All the associations are formed on silty substrate characterized by presence of surface water over the majority of the vegetation period. A sedge-dominated complex occupying about 2 hectares is developed on the second order terrace of the left bank of river Ktsia. Substrate is made up of silt-coarse peat and is seasonally covered by surface water. The following two associations are found: Caricetum dichroandrae purum and Caricetum vesicariae purum. Both associations are characterized by ample herbage: they form monotypic associations, but mix with each other at low extent. Potamogeton heterophyllus, Equisetum heleocharis, etc. are admixed to the above association in low numbers. Thin water layer remains in places, while surface of the first association is almost dry. meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) is admixed in fairly low abundance (Sol). Groups of rush (Juncus filiformis) can be found in some places. Mosses: Calliergonella cuspidata, Drepanocladus aduncus occur on elevated micro-relief. The above described associations are typologically related to prairieficated wetland and meadows developed on moist soils. A small (about 1,5 hectares) sedge swamp is found in the place of a former lake on Nariani valley, on the third order terrace of the left bank of river Ktsia at 2100 meters above sea level. It has a horseshoe shape. Cariceta inflatae predominates in the swamp with Caricetum inflatae drepanocladosum (Drepanocladus aduncus, Dr. exannulatus) being dominant from this formation. Caricetum inflatae purum, Caricetum inflatae sphagnosum (Sphagnum platyphyllum) are fragmentarily distributed. Carex canescens is fairly abundant (Sp 3 ) in the latter. Caricetum caespitosae hypnosum can be found in some places along the shoreline. The wetland is surrounded by a narrow strip of mat-grass comminity, which adjoins the subalpine meadow with sphagnum. Sphagnum, Comarum palustre, Carex caespitosa and other mosses occur between the mat-grass comminity and swamp. Caricetum diandrae hypnosum (Calliergon richardsonii, Drepanocladus sendtneri) covers small areas in the shoreline zone. Caricetum wiluicae hypnosum is also present on a small area. Sedge tussocks are usually low here, while fairly high hillocks can be found in some parts of the shoreline. The moss synusia of this association is comprised of the following species: Hypnum lindbergii, Fissidens adiantoides, Cratoneurum decipiens, Drepanocladus 70
Draft Black Sea Regional Transmission Project ESIA sendtneri. Aulacomnium palustre, Climacium dendroides, Drepanocladus aduncus can be found in lower abundance. Caricetum canescenti sphagnosum platyphyllum occurs on a fairly limited area in the described wetland complex. Calliergom richardsonii participates in low abundance in the moss synusia along with sphagnum. The association is two-layered. The herbage synusia is comprised of the following species: Comarum palustre, Carex diandra, Carex inflata, Nardus glabriculmis, Calamagrostis neglecta, Filipendula ulmaria, etc. Cariceta inflatae appears to be substituted by Carex lasiocarpae in the process of peat accumulation. Swertia iberica occurs at the wetland developed in the vicinity of the ground water outlet on the shoreline of the swamp found in the place of the former lake. A circular wetland with Caricetum inflatae drepanocladiosum (Dr. exannulatus, Dr. aduncus) occupying the major part is developed in the place of a former lake. The substrate is coarse peat-silty of over one meter thickness. Caricetum inflatae sphagnosum platyphyllum (Sphagnum platyphyllum) covers smaller area. Mat-grass also participates in the herbage synusia. Caricetum inflatae purum and is present in the deep-water part of the wetland. The association is replaced by those of hypnosa order, which are in turn substituted by sphagnum-sedge associations. This wetland is located on the second order terrace of the left bank of river Ktsia near the river. It is formed in the peripheral part of Nariani valley, where river Ktsia flows in a narrow gorge. Communities of Deschampsia and meadows developed in the place of former wetlands are found on the second order terrace of the left bank of river Ktsia. 4.1.6.4.5 Summary for Ktsia-Tabatskuri Managed Reserve The natural vegetation of Ktsia-Tabatskuri Managed Reserve area is severely modified due to the influence of both anthropogenic and natural factors, which makes it especially important to identify and preserve areas where natural and near-natural vegetation survives. The ecosystems in the basin of the Ktsia River are unique in Georgia in terms of scale and structure. 4.1.6.5 Ktsia-Tabatskuri Managed Reserve to Tkemlan The corridor passes through the Samtskhe-Javakheti region, which is a distinct geomorphological formation, as described in section 4.1.3. It represents a crossroads of geographical-genetic elements characteristic to the Mediterranean, Iran-Turkish and northern hemispheric ancient flora. This landscape-geobotanical zone comprises wetlands, unique lakes and marshes, various modifications of mountainous steppes, mountainous xerophyte shrublands, dry and mesophillous meadows and relict remnants of forests once common in Javakheti upland, etc. (Sosnovski, 1933, Ketskhoveli, 1959). Sensitive zones are shown in Figures 4.1-11d, 4.1-11e, and 4.1-11f (all at the end of this chapter). . Two floristically distinct regions have been described in Samtskhe-Javakheti by A. Doluchanov (1989): Adigeni-Borjomi region and Javakheti upland. The first includes northwest slopes of Trialeti range, southern slopes of Meskheti range, Akhaltsikhe depression and river Kvabliani gorge. River Mtkvari above v. Khashuri divides Adjara-Trialeti mountain system into two ranges, Trialeti and Meskheti. Elevation in this section ranges from 750-800 meters above sea level to 2700 (2900) meters above sea level Most prominent part of Mtkvari valley represents Akhaltsikhe depression. Elevation at the base of the depression near Akhaltsikhe is 950 to 1000 meters above sea level. It increases to the south to Turkish border. The following biomes are distinguished in Samtskhe-Javakheti: Riparian forests in floodplains (800-1150 meters above sea level), xerophytic shrublands and semi-deserts 71
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