UNDERSTANDING VARIATION IN PARTITION COEFFICIENT, Kd ...

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Cesium K d (ml/g) Clay (wt%) Mica (% ) pH CEC (a) (meq/100 g) SA 1 (m 2 /g) Cs (µM) Aqueous Phase Soil ID and Information 3,000 6 7.6 3 8.6 1.00x10 -1 Groundwater Sediment A 10 4,800 7.5 5.9 4.3 12.2 1.00x10 -1 Groundwater Sediment B 10 3,100 8 6.6 4.7 14.7 1.00x10 -1 Groundwater Sediment C 10 3,000 5 8 2.6 6.6 1.00x10 -1 Groundwater Sediment D 10 2,190 4 9 7.7 8.40x10 -3 Groundwater Sediment CGS-1 11 7,610 5 12 8.2 8.40x10 -3 Groundwater Sediment TBS-1 11 620 6 9 7.9 8.40x10 -3 Groundwater Sediment Trench-8 11 1 CEC = cation exchange capacity; SA = surface area. 2 1 = Lieser and Steinkopff, 1989; 4 = Konishi et al., 1988; 6 = Elprince et al., 1977; 8 = Routson et al., 1980; 10 = Legoux et al., 1992; 11 = Serne et al., 1993. D.5.0 References Adeleye, S. A., P. G. Clay, and M. O. A. Oladipo. 1994. “Sorption of Caesium, Strontium and Europium Ions on Clay Minerals.” Journal of Materials Science, 29:954-958. Akiba, D., and H. Hashimoto. 1990. “Distribution Coefficient of Strontium on Variety of Minerals and Rocks.” Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 27:275-279. Akiba, D., H. Hashimoto, and T. Kanno. 1989. “Distribution Coefficient of Cesium and Cation Exchange Capacity of Minerals and Rocks.” Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 26:1130-1135. Ames, L., and D. Rai. 1978. Radionuclide Interactions with Soil and Rock Media. Volume 1: Processes Influencing Radionuclide Mobility and Retention, Element Chemistry and Geochemistry, Conclusions and Evaluation. PB-292 460, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington. Ames, L. L., J. E. McGarrah, B. A. Walker, and P. F. Salter. 1982. “ Sorption of Uranium and Cesium by Hanford Basalts and Associated Secondary Smectite.” Chemical Geology, 35:205-225. Comans, R. N. J., J. J. Middelburg, J. Zonderhuis, J. R. W. Woittiez, G. J. De Lange, H. A. Das, C. H. Van Der Weijden. 1989. “Mobilization of Radiocaesium in Pore Water in Lake Sediments.” Nature, 367-369. Cremers, A., A. Elsen. P. De Preter, and A. Maes. 1988. “Quantitative Analysis of Radiocaesium Retention in Soils.” Nature, 335:247-249. D.29 Ref. 2
Bruggenwert, M. G. M., and A. Kamphorst. 1979. “Survey of Experimental Information on Cation Exchange in Soil Systems.” In Soil Chemistry: B. Physico-Chemical Models, G. H. Bolt (ed.), Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York, New York. Dahlman, R. C., E. A. Bondietti, and L. D. Eyman. 1976. “Biological Pathways and Chemical Behavior of Plutonium and Other Actinides in the Environment.” In Actinides in the Environment, A. M. Friedman (ed.), pp. 47-80. ACS Symposium Series 35, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. Douglas, L. A. 1989. “Vermiculites.” In Minerals in Soil Environments, J. B. Dixon and S. B. Week (eds.), Second Edition, pp. 635-674, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin. Elprince, A. M., C. I. Rich, and D. C. Martens. 1977. “Effect of Temperature and Hydroxy Aluminum Interlayers on the Adsorption of Trace Radioactive Cesium by Sediments near Water-Cooled Nuclear Reactors.” Water Resources Research, 13:375-380. Erten, H. N., S. Aksoyoglu, S. Hatipoglu, and H. Göktürk. 1988. “Sorption of Cesium and Strontium on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite.” Radiochimica Acta, 44/45:147-155. Evans, D. W., J. J. Alberts, and R. A. Clark. 1983. “Reversible Ion-Exchange Fixation of Cesium-137 Leading to Mobilization from Reservoir Sediments.” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47:1041-1049. Francis, C. W., and F. S. Brinkley. 1976. “Preferential Adsorption of 137 Cs to Micaceous Minerals in Contaminated Freshwater Sediments.” Nature, 260:511-513. Fukui, M. 1990. “Desorption Kinetics and Mobility of Some Radionuclides in Sediments.: Health Physics, 59:879-889. Hartman, M. J., and P. E. Dresel. 1997. Hanford Site Groundwater Monitoring for Fiscal Year 1996. PNNL-11470, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington. Hem, J. D. 1985. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water Supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, Alexandria, Virginia. Inch, K. J. and R. W. D. Killey. 1987. “Surface Area and Radionuclide Sorption in Contaminated Aquifers.” Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada, 22:85-98. Konishi, M., K. Yamamoto, T. Yanagi, and Y. Okajima. 1988. “Sorption Behavior of Cesium, Strontium and Americium Ions on Clay Materials.” Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology. 25:929-933. Legoux, Y., G. Blain, R. Guillaumont, G. Ouzounian, L. Brillard, and M. Hussonnois. 1992. “K d Measurements of Activation, Fission, and Heavy Elements in Water/Solid Phase Systems.” Radiochimica Acta, 58/59:211-218. D.30
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United States Office of Air and Rad
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NOTICE The following two-volume rep
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This publication is the result of a
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TO COMMENT ON THIS GUIDE OR PROVIDE
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CONTENTS NOTICE ...................
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Concentrations Extractable Iron Con
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Appendix A - Acronyms and Abbreviat
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Figure E.1. Variation of K d for Cr
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Table 5.16. Uranium(VI) aqueous spe
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Table H.3. Simple and multiple regr
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1.0 Introduction The objective of t
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discussed. The geochemical modeling
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2.0 The K d Model The simplest and
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track many more parameters and some
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of interest. The retardation factor
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(e.g., soil). An increasing body of
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complexation constants for the cont
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the soil column. Additionally, the
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Element Table 5.2. Concentrations o
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5.2.3 Aqueous Speciation Cadmium fo
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5.2.4 Dissolution/Precipitation/Cop
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cadmium, indicating that cadmium an
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5.2.6.2.2 Limits of K d Values with
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organic chelates (e.g., EDTA). Init
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(tarapacaite) in chromium sludge fr
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K d). Soils containing Mn oxides ox
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Table 5.7. Estimated range of Kd va
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most common valence state of lead e
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Table 5.8. Lead aqueous species inc
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Under reducing conditions, galena (
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C Adsorption of lead increases with
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(Choppin, 1983). Plutonium hydrolyt
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Table 5.10. Plutonium aqueous speci
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5.6.5 Sorption/Desorption Plutonium
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content in the system. Additionally
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much greater concentrations. Thus,
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exchanged which they attributed to
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up tables was based in part on thei
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organic complexes likely predominat
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Thorium undergoes hydrolysis in aqu
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The distribution of thorium aqueous
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from about 10 -8.5 mol/l (0.0007 mg
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Based on the assumptions and limita
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5.10 Tritium Geochemistry And K d V
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uranium. Uranium(VI) species domina
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gives 0.1 to 10 µg/l as the range
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mineral in reducing ore zones (Fron
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Percent Distribution 100 80 60 40 2
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5.11.6 Partition Coefficient, K d ,
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No attempt was made to statisticall
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Table 5.18. Selected chemical and t
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Another objective of this report is
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6.0 REFERENCES Adriano, D. C. 1992.
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Bensen, D. W. 1960. Review of Soil
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Metals by Geomedia. Variables, Mech
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EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection
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Griffin, R. A., A. K. Au, and R. R.
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+ Keeney-Kennicutt, W. L., and J. W
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Mattigod, S. V., A. L. Page, and I.
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Oscarson, D. W., and H. B. Hume. 19
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Relyea, J. F. and D. A. Brown. 1978
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Schultz, R. K., R. Overstreet, and
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Szalay, A. 1964. “Cation Exchange
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Yariv, S., and H. Cross. 1979. Geoc
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APPENDIX A Acronyms, Abbreviations,
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PC Personal computers operating und
Page 143 and 144: A.3.0 List of Symbols and Notation
Page 145 and 146: APPENDIX B Definitions
Page 147 and 148: Clay Content - particle size fracti
Page 149 and 150: Polynuclear Species - an aqueous sp
Page 151 and 152: C.1.0 Background Appendix C Partiti
Page 153 and 154: Cadmium K d Table C.2. Correlation
Page 155 and 156: C.3.0 Data Set for Soils Table C.4
Page 157 and 158: Cd K d (ml/g) Clay Cont. (wt%) pH C
Page 167 and 168: D.1.0 Background Appendix D Partiti
Page 169 and 170: A second data set (see Section D.4)
Page 171 and 172: Table D.3. Correlation coefficients
Page 173 and 174: By transposing the CEC and cesium K
Page 175 and 176: Table D.6. Cesium K d values measur
Page 177 and 178: eported in Table D.8 are described
Page 179 and 180: a 1 b 1 Range of Solution Cs Concen
Page 181 and 182: Figure D.4. Generalized cesium Freu
Page 183 and 184: Table D.10. Estimated range of K d
Page 185 and 186: D.3.0 K d Data Set for Soils and Pu
Page 187 and 188: Cesium Kd (ml/g) Clay (wt.% ) Mica
Page 193: Cesium K d (ml/g) Clay (wt%) Mica (
Page 197 and 198: Shiao, S. Y., P. Rafferty, R. E. Me
Page 199 and 200: E.1.0 Background Appendix E Partiti
Page 201 and 202: chromium-reductive soils may stem f
Page 204 and 205: E.2.0 Approach The approach used to
Page 206 and 207: Table E.3. Estimated range of K d v
Page 208 and 209: Table E.4. Data from Rai et al. (19
Page 210 and 211: E.4.0 References Davis, J. A. and J
Page 212 and 213: APPENDIX F Partition Coefficients F
Page 214 and 215: (CEC) of the soils. Such an anomaly
Page 216 and 217: Table F.1. Summary of K d values fo
Page 218 and 219: Figure F.2. Variation of K d as a f
Page 220 and 221: F.4.0 References Abd-Elfattah, A.,
Page 222 and 223: APPENDIX G Partition Coefficients F
Page 224 and 225: A number of investigators have exam
Page 226 and 227: pH value, which is typical of the m
Page 228 and 229: These significant reductions in ads
Page 230 and 231: This is typically accomplished by t
Page 232 and 233: The scatterplots are typically disp
Page 234 and 235: Table G.2. Regression models for pl
Page 236 and 237: G.4.0 References Barney, G. S. 1984
Page 238 and 239: Nelson, D. M., R. P. Larson, and W.
Page 240 and 241: APPENDIX H Partition Coefficients F
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Figure H.1. Relation between stront
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Figure H.2. Relation between stront
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H.2.4 Approach Figure H.4. Relation
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A second look-up table (Table H.5)
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Sr K d (ml/g) Clay Content (%) pH C
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Sr K d (ml/g) Clay Content (%) pH C
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Sr K d (ml/g) Clay Conten t (%) pH
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Konishi, M., K. Yamamoto, T. Yanagi
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APPENDIX I Partition Coefficients F
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descriptive statistics of the thori
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Figure I.1. Linear regression betwe
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The look-up table (Table I.5) for t
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Thorium K d (ml/g) pH Clay (wt.%) C
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Rai, D., A. R. Felmy, D. A. Moore,
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J.1.0 Background Appendix J Partiti
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J.2.2 Uranium K d Studies on Soils
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Washington. The studies included an
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and then decreases with increasing
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Kd (ml/g) 100,000 10,000 1,000 100
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papers. Warnecke et al. (1984) indi
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Anderson et al. (1982) summarize an
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McKinley and Scholtis (1993) compar
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In a similar comparison of sorption
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J.3.1 K d Values as a Function ff p
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discussed, and one would have to ma
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al., 1992; and others). These refer
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· Manskaya et al. (1956) studied a
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concentrations of humic acid, there
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pH U Kd (ml/g) Clay Cont. (wt.%) CE
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J.6.0 References Ames, L. L., J. E.
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Erikson, R. L., C. J. Hostetler, R.
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R. C. Ewing. Materials Research Soc
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Sheppard, M. I., and D. H. Thibault
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Yamamoto, T., E. Yunoki, M. Yamakaw
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