UNDERSTANDING VARIATION IN PARTITION COEFFICIENT, Kd ...

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Percent Distribution 100 80 60 40 20 0 o PbSO4 (aq) Pb 2+ + PbHCO3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.29 pH o PbCO3 (aq) o Pb(OH)2 (aq) 2+ Pb(CO3)2 PbOH + Figure 5.2. Calculated distribution of lead aqueous species as a function of pH for the water composition in Table 5.1. [The species distribution is based on a concentration of 1 µg/l total dissolved lead.] Lead may also exist in soils as solid-solution phases. Solid solutions are defined as solid phases in which a minor element will substitute for a major element in the mineral structure. Depending on the degree of substitution and the overall solubility of the solid-solution phase, the equilibrium solubility of the minor element in the solid solution phase will be less than the solubility of the solid phase containing only the minor element (pure phase). For instance, lead may occur as a minor replacement in barite [Ba (1-x)Pb xSO 4], apatite [Ca (1-x)Pb x(PO 4) 3OH], calcite [Ca (1-x)Pb xCO 3], and iron sulfides, [Fe (1-x)Pb xS] (Driesens, 1986; Goldschmidt, 1954; Nriagu and Moore, 1984; Rickard and Nriagu, 1978). Consequently, the equilibrium solubility of lead controlled by these phases will be less than the concentrations controlled by corresponding pure phases, namely PbSO 4, Pb 5(PO 4) 3OH, PbCO 3, and PbS, respectively.
Under reducing conditions, galena (PbS) may control the lead concentrations in the environment. Rickard and Nriagu (1978) calculated that, within the pH range of 6-9, the equilibrium solubility of galena would control total lead concentrations at levels less than approximately 10 -10 M ( illite > montmorillonite. These studies also showed that, in neutral to high pH conditions, lead can preferentially exchange for calcium, potassium, and cadmium. Under low pH conditions, hydrogen ions and aluminum ions would displace lead from mineral exchange sites. Studies of lead adsorption on oxide, hydroxide, and oxyhydroxide minerals show that the substrate properties, such as the specific surface and degree of crystallinity, control the degree of adsorption (Rickard and Nriagu, 1978). Experimental data by Forbes et al. (1976) showed that goethite (FeOOH) has higher adsorption affinity for lead than zinc, cobalt, and cadmium. Data show that manganese-oxide minerals also adsorb lead ions (Rickard and Nriagu, 1978). These investigators concluded that the high specificity of lead adsorption on oxide and hydroxide surfaces and the relative lack of desorbability (
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United States Office of Air and Rad
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NOTICE The following two-volume rep
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This publication is the result of a
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TO COMMENT ON THIS GUIDE OR PROVIDE
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CONTENTS NOTICE ...................
Page 11 and 12: Concentrations Extractable Iron Con
Page 13 and 14: Appendix A - Acronyms and Abbreviat
Page 15 and 16: Figure E.1. Variation of K d for Cr
Page 17 and 18: Table 5.16. Uranium(VI) aqueous spe
Page 19 and 20: Table H.3. Simple and multiple regr
Page 21 and 22: 1.0 Introduction The objective of t
Page 23 and 24: discussed. The geochemical modeling
Page 25 and 26: 2.0 The K d Model The simplest and
Page 27 and 28: track many more parameters and some
Page 29 and 30: of interest. The retardation factor
Page 31 and 32: (e.g., soil). An increasing body of
Page 33 and 34: complexation constants for the cont
Page 35 and 36: the soil column. Additionally, the
Page 37 and 38: Element Table 5.2. Concentrations o
Page 39 and 40: 5.2.3 Aqueous Speciation Cadmium fo
Page 41 and 42: 5.2.4 Dissolution/Precipitation/Cop
Page 43 and 44: cadmium, indicating that cadmium an
Page 45 and 46: 5.2.6.2.2 Limits of K d Values with
Page 49 and 50: organic chelates (e.g., EDTA). Init
Page 53 and 54: (tarapacaite) in chromium sludge fr
Page 55 and 56: K d). Soils containing Mn oxides ox
Page 57 and 58: Table 5.7. Estimated range of Kd va
Page 59 and 60: most common valence state of lead e
Page 61: Table 5.8. Lead aqueous species inc
Page 65 and 66: C Adsorption of lead increases with
Page 69 and 70: (Choppin, 1983). Plutonium hydrolyt
Page 71 and 72: Table 5.10. Plutonium aqueous speci
Page 73 and 74: 5.6.5 Sorption/Desorption Plutonium
Page 75 and 76: content in the system. Additionally
Page 81 and 82: much greater concentrations. Thus,
Page 83 and 84: exchanged which they attributed to
Page 85 and 86: up tables was based in part on thei
Page 87 and 88: organic complexes likely predominat
Page 89 and 90: Thorium undergoes hydrolysis in aqu
Page 91 and 92: The distribution of thorium aqueous
Page 93 and 94: from about 10 -8.5 mol/l (0.0007 mg
Page 95 and 96: Based on the assumptions and limita
Page 97 and 98: 5.10 Tritium Geochemistry And K d V
Page 99 and 100: uranium. Uranium(VI) species domina
Page 101 and 102: gives 0.1 to 10 µg/l as the range
Page 103 and 104: mineral in reducing ore zones (Fron
Page 105 and 106: Percent Distribution 100 80 60 40 2
Page 107 and 108: 5.11.6 Partition Coefficient, K d ,
Page 109 and 110: No attempt was made to statisticall
Page 111 and 112: Table 5.18. Selected chemical and t
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Another objective of this report is
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6.0 REFERENCES Adriano, D. C. 1992.
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Bensen, D. W. 1960. Review of Soil
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Metals by Geomedia. Variables, Mech
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EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection
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Griffin, R. A., A. K. Au, and R. R.
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+ Keeney-Kennicutt, W. L., and J. W
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Mattigod, S. V., A. L. Page, and I.
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Oscarson, D. W., and H. B. Hume. 19
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Relyea, J. F. and D. A. Brown. 1978
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Schultz, R. K., R. Overstreet, and
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Szalay, A. 1964. “Cation Exchange
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Yariv, S., and H. Cross. 1979. Geoc
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APPENDIX A Acronyms, Abbreviations,
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PC Personal computers operating und
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A.3.0 List of Symbols and Notation
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APPENDIX B Definitions
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Clay Content - particle size fracti
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Polynuclear Species - an aqueous sp
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C.1.0 Background Appendix C Partiti
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Cadmium K d Table C.2. Correlation
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C.3.0 Data Set for Soils Table C.4
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Cd K d (ml/g) Clay Cont. (wt%) pH C
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D.1.0 Background Appendix D Partiti
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A second data set (see Section D.4)
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Table D.3. Correlation coefficients
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By transposing the CEC and cesium K
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Table D.6. Cesium K d values measur
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eported in Table D.8 are described
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a 1 b 1 Range of Solution Cs Concen
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Figure D.4. Generalized cesium Freu
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Table D.10. Estimated range of K d
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D.3.0 K d Data Set for Soils and Pu
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Cesium Kd (ml/g) Clay (wt.% ) Mica
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Cesium K d (ml/g) Clay (wt%) Mica (
Page 195 and 196:
Bruggenwert, M. G. M., and A. Kamph
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Shiao, S. Y., P. Rafferty, R. E. Me
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E.1.0 Background Appendix E Partiti
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chromium-reductive soils may stem f
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E.2.0 Approach The approach used to
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Table E.3. Estimated range of K d v
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Table E.4. Data from Rai et al. (19
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E.4.0 References Davis, J. A. and J
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APPENDIX F Partition Coefficients F
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(CEC) of the soils. Such an anomaly
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Table F.1. Summary of K d values fo
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Figure F.2. Variation of K d as a f
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F.4.0 References Abd-Elfattah, A.,
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APPENDIX G Partition Coefficients F
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A number of investigators have exam
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pH value, which is typical of the m
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These significant reductions in ads
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This is typically accomplished by t
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The scatterplots are typically disp
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Table G.2. Regression models for pl
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G.4.0 References Barney, G. S. 1984
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Nelson, D. M., R. P. Larson, and W.
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APPENDIX H Partition Coefficients F
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1.6 ml/g for a measurement made on
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Figure H.1. Relation between stront
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Figure H.2. Relation between stront
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H.2.4 Approach Figure H.4. Relation
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A second look-up table (Table H.5)
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Sr K d (ml/g) Clay Content (%) pH C
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Sr K d (ml/g) Clay Content (%) pH C
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Sr K d (ml/g) Clay Conten t (%) pH
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Konishi, M., K. Yamamoto, T. Yanagi
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APPENDIX I Partition Coefficients F
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descriptive statistics of the thori
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Figure I.1. Linear regression betwe
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The look-up table (Table I.5) for t
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Thorium K d (ml/g) pH Clay (wt.%) C
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Rai, D., A. R. Felmy, D. A. Moore,
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J.1.0 Background Appendix J Partiti
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J.2.2 Uranium K d Studies on Soils
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Washington. The studies included an
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and then decreases with increasing
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Kd (ml/g) 100,000 10,000 1,000 100
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papers. Warnecke et al. (1984) indi
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Anderson et al. (1982) summarize an
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McKinley and Scholtis (1993) compar
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In a similar comparison of sorption
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J.3.1 K d Values as a Function ff p
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discussed, and one would have to ma
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al., 1992; and others). These refer
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· Manskaya et al. (1956) studied a
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concentrations of humic acid, there
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pH U Kd (ml/g) Clay Cont. (wt.%) CE
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J.6.0 References Ames, L. L., J. E.
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Erikson, R. L., C. J. Hostetler, R.
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R. C. Ewing. Materials Research Soc
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Sheppard, M. I., and D. H. Thibault
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Yamamoto, T., E. Yunoki, M. Yamakaw
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