Maternal variation in Huichol and Mixtec populations from Mexico

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INTRODUCTION For decades mitochondrial DNA is being used in human phylogenetic studies, letting us to reveal the evolutionary relationships between populations. Based on the mtDNA mutational pattern, all living people can be divided into different maternal lineages, which are generally geographically specific. The lineages` distribution pattern, frequency and diversity can tell us a lot about human migrations. The Americas were the last continents reached by modern humans. Although studies for understanding the peopling process of the Western Hemisphere have lasted for decades, it still is intriguing subject. Long time it was accepted that Clovis people were the first inhabitants of the Americas. Now, with new archaeological findings and accumulating genetic variation data with higher resolution, the Clovis-First model has been challenged. The questions have remained open. The less studied American region is Middle America. Being an important barrier for the gene flow between North and South America, this region represents the most ethnic and language diversity of the continent. Continuously, most studies of Native Americans mtDNA in this region are based on the analysis of its control region; yet only high resolution analysis can provide sufficient information into the early population history of Native Americans. This study is part of a larger project, which aim is to understand the peopling process of Americas through analysing valuable ancient DNA data and genetic variation in contemporary population in high resolution. The purpose of present study is to characterize maternal variability of two indigenous populations from Mexico – Huichols and Mixtecs. 4
1. LITERATURE OVERVIEW 1.1 Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondria are organelles that play an essential role in the biological activity of every eukaryotic cell. Mitochondrion has its own DNA different from nucleus genome. Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a small, 16,569 base pairs (bp) long, circular, doublestranded molecule, which encodes for 37 genes (Anderson et al., 1981; Andrews et al., 1999) (Figure 1). The genome is very compact thanks to the absence of introns and the lack of Figure 1. Human mtDNA genetic map. Genes that are transcribed from H (heavy)-strand are shown on the outer side of the circle, those that are transcribed from the L (light)-strand are positioned inside the circle. Genome encodes 12S and 16S rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and 13 respiratory chain complexes genes (ND 1-6 and L4 of complex I, Cyt b of complex III, COX 1-3 subunits of cytochrome oxidase of complex IV, and the ATP 6 and ATP 8 of complex V). MtDNA replication origins and transcription promoters are shown by the arrows. Origin: www.mitomap.org 5
Page 1 and 2: TARTU UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE
Page 3: ABBREVIATIONS bp - base pair D-loop
Page 7 and 8: One of the reasons may be, that ped
Page 9 and 10: Figure 2. Diagnostic markers of Nat
Page 11 and 12: According to it, only one small gro
Page 13 and 14: their way down to the South America
Page 15 and 16: 2. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 2.1 Aims of t
Page 17 and 18: To determine possible contamination
Page 19 and 20: * let dry at 37ºC for 5 min *add 1
Page 21 and 22: 2.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2.3.1 Ph
Page 23 and 24: that populations have gone through
Page 25 and 26: Figure 5. Haplogroup A haplotype ne
Page 27 and 28: Figure 7. Haplogroup C haplotype ne
Page 29 and 30: 2.3.2 C4c haplogroup One Huichol in
Page 31 and 32: N 12705s 16223 R 73 11719s R0 14766
Page 33 and 34: CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial DNA has b
Page 35 and 36: mitokondriaalne DNA. Huitšoli proo
Page 37 and 38: References Achilli, A, Perego, U. A
Page 39 and 40: Forster, P., Torroni, A., Renfrew,
Page 41 and 42: Loogvali, E. L., Kivisild, T., Marg
Page 43 and 44: Sandoval, K., Buentello-Malo, L., P
Page 45 and 46: SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Tabel 1.1.
Page 47 and 48: Table 4.Data used for haplogroups f

Maternal variation in Huichol and Mixtec populations from Mexico

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