Maternal variation in Huichol and Mixtec populations from Mexico

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1.4 World mtDNA haplogroups The most common way to represent phylogenetic relations is to reconstruct phylogenetic trees of mtDNA lineages. In the root of the global mtDNA tree is the „mitochondrial Eve“, who lived approximately 150,000-200,000 years before present (ybp) (Ingman et al., 2001; Soares et al., 2009), which is very close to the age of the earliest modern humans estimated from fossil data ~195,000 ybp (McDougall et al., 2005). This MRCA gave rise to exclusively African major haplogroups L0-6. Only one of them, haplogroup L3, is shared by Africans with the rest of the world (Vigilant et al., 1991; Chen YS et al., 1995; Brown, 1980). In addition to other branches, In addition to others branches, L3 gave rise to macro-haplogroups M, N, and N subgroup R, which are ancestors of all non-African mtDNA lineages. The founding ages of the corresponding root types of M, N and R clades are very similar, about 60,000 years (Macaulay et al., 2005), raising the possibility that M and N haplogroups are derived from a single African migration, which took place ~ 65,000-70,000 ybp from eastern Africa (Forster, 2001; Soares et al., 2009;). The haplogroup N (including R) has spread all over Eurasia, in contrast to haplogroup M, which is found in Eastern Eurasia but is virtually absent in Europe (Metspalu et al., 2004). Macro-haplogroup M gave rise to different M haplogroups (M1-M25) and to haplogroups D, C, E, G, Q and Z. Macro-haplogroup N gave rise to haplogroups A, I, O, S, W, X and Y. From haplogroup R derive haplogroups B, F, J, H, K, P, T, HV, V, and U. As confirms the archaeological data, already by 40,000 ybp modern humans were in southern Siberia and by 30,000 ybp have spread to the arctic Siberia (Goebel, 1999; Pitulko et al., 2004). The data when humans moved from Asia to America is still debatable, but this could happen between 30,000 and 13,000 ybp (Goebel et al., 2008). 1.5 Native American mtDNA haplogroups America was the last continent reached by anatomically modern humans. In early studies, based on RFLP analysis and through sequencing of the HVS-I region, 4 distinct haplogroup clusters were recognized, initially named A, B, C and D (Schurr et al., 1990; Torroni et al., 1993); the X haplogroup was identified a few years later (Brown et al., 1998). Today they are termed as A2, B2, C1, D1 and X2a haplogroups (Achilli et al., 2008; Perego et al., 2009; Tamm et al., 2007). The study of complete Amerindian mtDNA sequences has allowed investigators to examine mtDNA variation in the Americas with much greater resolution. 8
Figure 2. Diagnostic markers of Native Americans mtDNA lineages. Characteristic mutational positions are relative to rCRS and marked with red. Origin: modified Perego et al., 2010. 9
Page 1 and 2: TARTU UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE
Page 3 and 4: ABBREVIATIONS bp - base pair D-loop
Page 5 and 6: 1. LITERATURE OVERVIEW 1.1 Mitochon
Page 7: One of the reasons may be, that ped
Page 11 and 12: According to it, only one small gro
Page 13 and 14: their way down to the South America
Page 15 and 16: 2. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 2.1 Aims of t
Page 17 and 18: To determine possible contamination
Page 19 and 20: * let dry at 37ºC for 5 min *add 1
Page 21 and 22: 2.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2.3.1 Ph
Page 23 and 24: that populations have gone through
Page 25 and 26: Figure 5. Haplogroup A haplotype ne
Page 27 and 28: Figure 7. Haplogroup C haplotype ne
Page 29 and 30: 2.3.2 C4c haplogroup One Huichol in
Page 31 and 32: N 12705s 16223 R 73 11719s R0 14766
Page 33 and 34: CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial DNA has b
Page 35 and 36: mitokondriaalne DNA. Huitšoli proo
Page 37 and 38: References Achilli, A, Perego, U. A
Page 39 and 40: Forster, P., Torroni, A., Renfrew,
Page 41 and 42: Loogvali, E. L., Kivisild, T., Marg
Page 43 and 44: Sandoval, K., Buentello-Malo, L., P
Page 45 and 46: SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Tabel 1.1.
Page 47 and 48: Table 4.Data used for haplogroups f

Maternal variation in Huichol and Mixtec populations from Mexico

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