experiments using fathead minnows <strong>and</strong> green sunfish. It is appropriateto exp<strong>and</strong> the scope <strong>of</strong> ecological analysis to a multi-tier approach(Brown <strong>and</strong> Suloway, 1982; Lee et al., 1979) including bioaccumulation,bioconcentration, <strong>and</strong> biomagnification experiments. Several species <strong>of</strong>test organisms representing different trophic levels should be used inchronic or subchronic bioassays.6. A battery <strong>of</strong> health effects tests should be conducted to evaluate each<strong>fly</strong> <strong>ash</strong> <strong>and</strong> its extracts. The U.S. EPA has recommended (for a level 1assessment) that solid wastes be tested for the presence <strong>of</strong> microbialmutagenicity, rodent acute toxicity, <strong>and</strong> cytotoxicity. The specifictests include the Ames Test, the Rabbit A1 veol ar Macrophage (RAM)assay, the Human Lung Fibroblast (MI-38) Assays, <strong>and</strong> acute toxicitybioassays with rats. With these tests it is possible to screen wastes,including <strong>fly</strong> <strong>ash</strong>es <strong>and</strong> their extracts, for possible carcinogenicity,cytotoxicity, <strong>and</strong> other detrimental health effects.A summary <strong>of</strong> the origin <strong>and</strong> general characteristics <strong>of</strong> grab samples <strong>of</strong> 12<strong>fly</strong> <strong>ash</strong>es collected for this study is given in Table 1. All <strong>of</strong> the sampleswere collected from the hoppers below the electrostatic precipitators atnine individual power plants. Two samples, each derived from differentboilers, were collected at each <strong>of</strong> three <strong>of</strong> the facilities.Nine <strong>of</strong> the <strong>fly</strong> <strong>ash</strong> samples, identified as I1 through 19, were generated bythe combustion <strong>of</strong> Illinois Basin <strong>coal</strong>s (predominantly the Herrin No. 6 <strong>coal</strong>seam) in Illinois <strong>and</strong> Indiana. One <strong>fly</strong> <strong>ash</strong> (Wl) was produced by a powerplant in Illinois using a low-sulfur subbituminous <strong>coal</strong> from Colorado(Fishcreek Seam), <strong>and</strong> the remaining two <strong>fly</strong> <strong>ash</strong>es (W2 <strong>and</strong> W3) were fromplants outside Illinois using lignite from western North Dakota. Figure 1shows the areal extent <strong>of</strong> the Illinois Basin <strong>and</strong> the approximate location<strong>of</strong> the parent <strong>coal</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>fly</strong> <strong>ash</strong>es I1 through I9 (<strong>coal</strong>s from two mines wereused to generate <strong>fly</strong> <strong>ash</strong> 15). All chemical <strong>and</strong> solubility studies weredone with the bulk samples as taken from precipitator hoppers. The bulksamples were riffled to insure that representative samples were used foreach experiment.s for inorganic, mineralogical, anThe 12 solid wastes were analyzed both chemically <strong>and</strong> mineralogically.<strong>Chemical</strong> analyses <strong>of</strong> the samples for Si, Al, Mg, Ca, K, Fe, Ti, <strong>and</strong> P wereperformed by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Arsenic, Ba, Br, Ce, Co, Cr,Cs, Eu, Ga, Hf, La, Lu, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, U, W, Yb,<strong>and</strong> Zn contents were determined by instrumental neutron activationanalysis. Mercury determinations were carried out by neutron activationwith radiochernical separation. Boron, Cu, Ge, Li , Mo, Pb, Sn, <strong>and</strong> Vconcentrations were measured by optical emission spectrochemicalprocedures. A detailed discussion <strong>of</strong> sample preparation, detection limits,<strong>and</strong> procedures for these techniques can be found in Gluskoter et a1.(1977). The sulfur determinations were done by ASTM method 0-2492, <strong>and</strong>
total carbon determinations were carri'ed out by IS0 method 609-1975E.mineralogy <strong>of</strong> the samples was determined by x-ray diffraction with aPhil ips Norelco x-ray diffractometer using CuKa radiation (Russel 1 <strong>and</strong>Rimmer, 1979).TheNost <strong>of</strong> the chemical analyses <strong>of</strong> the supernatant solutions were determinedby inductively coupled argon plasma spectrometry (ICAP) with a Jarrell -AshTable '1. Summary <strong>of</strong> the origin <strong>and</strong> general characteristics <strong>of</strong> the 12 <strong>fly</strong> <strong>ash</strong> samples.Color <strong>of</strong> Location <strong>of</strong> Location <strong>of</strong>Fly <strong>ash</strong> samplea <strong>coal</strong> source power plant Boiler typegrayish brown2.5Y 6/2very darkgrayish brown10YR 31'2IllinoisIllinoisIndianaIllinoisccyclonepulverizedpul ver i zedIndianaI1 1 i noi scpulveri zedgrayish brown2.5Y 5.512IllinoisI1 linoispulverizedIllinoisIllinoispu1 veri zedvery darkgrayish brownlOYR 312IllinoisIllinoiscycloneI1 linois11 1 inoisdpul ver i zedI1 1 inois~llinoisdpul veri zedgraylOYR 611light gray2.511 712Co 1 or adoN. DakotaIllinoisMi nnesotapul veri zedpulverizedgray - lightgray2.5Y 6.512M. DakotaN. DakotacycloneaDry Munsell soi 1 colorsbc,d~amples indicated were taken from same individual power plant but werederived from different boilers.
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- Page 13 and 14: y passing the extract through a col
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- Page 17 and 18: with ultrapure water. The final HCl
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- Page 25 and 26: Table 8. Carbon, sulfur, and benzen
- Page 27 and 28: Wave number (cm-'Figure 8. Infrared
- Page 29 and 30: Figure 12. HPLC chromatogram of the
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- Page 34 and 35: Table 11. Organic components in the
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- Page 40 and 41: constituents. The amount of soluble
- Page 42 and 43: Table 14. Change in chemical compos
- Page 44 and 45: Table 16. Change in chemical compos
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- Page 48 and 49: Figure 26. Changes in the concentra
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- Page 52 and 53: Table 21. The LC-50 values, amount
- Page 54 and 55: Table 23. The range of concentratio
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Table 32. The mean final lengths an
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Several of the extrbivalves ( ~ are
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The mean concentrations of various
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1972). Cadmium is a dangerous cumul
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Bl umer, M., 1957, Removal of eleme
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Furr, A. K-, T. F, Parkinson, R. A.
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Murtha, M. J., and G. Burnet, 1979,
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Standard methods for examination of
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