Chemical and toxicological properties of coal fly ash - University of ...

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Table 19. Corytituents in the long-term equilibrations exceeding EPA interim primary or secondary drinking waterstandards or irrigation water criteria as a function of time (concentrations in mg/L).Constituent121 hour 142 days13I hour141 daysFly ash -I7I hour 106 days18I hour140daysW2I hour140 daysPrimary drinking waterAr sen i c 0,05Cadm i urn 0.010.44Chromi um 0.051 mooSel en i urn 0.01Secondary drinking waterCopper 1 .O2.1 3l ron 0.3018.6Manganese 0,052.65Su l fate 2 502972Zinc 5.014.0pH (units) 5,5 - 9.54.1Irrigation waterAluminum 20,O1 96Boron 2.065.2Moi ybdenum 0.05Ni ckel 2.0
were in concentrations exceeding the primary standards after 1 hour in theLTE solutions. After 106 to 140 days of extraction, the concentrations ofthese constituents changed, but the levels of some of the potentialpollutants still remained above recommended levels. In each solution,other constituents exceeded the secondary standards and the recommendedlevels for irrigation water (U.S. EPA, 1976). As ith the primarystandards, certain potential pollutants remained in solution in excessivelevels. Boron, Mo, and SO4 were constituents common to all five extractsthat remained above recommended levels during the entire extract ioninterval .All five undiluted fly ash LTE extracts were acutely toxic to fatheadminnows, causing total mortality (Table 20). Three of the extracts (13, and 18) were very alkaline (pH >10.0), and mortality due to ionic shockwas expected. In a previous study (Suloway, et al., lWl), test solutionsin which the pH was greater than 9.2 were acutely toxic to fathead minnowfry. However, two of the samples in the present study (I2 and 17) wererelatively neutral in pH and were not expected to cause total mortality.All extracts were then tested with LC-50 determinations.The concentration of dissolved oxygen in all the screening procedures wasmore than 60% of saturation. The pHs of the extracts remained relativelystable during the bioassays with the exception of 18, in which the pHdecreased almost an entire pH unit. There was a 5% mortality in thecontrols.LC-50 determinations (Table 21) were made to measure the relativetoxicities of the extracts and to determine the dilutions necessary toensure survival during a %-hour bioassay of the toxic extracts. Aninverse relationship existed between toxicity and the LC-50 value for anextract. The LC-50 values for W2 and I3 were 2.8 and 63.0 (Table 21),respectively. Sixty-three mL of 13, diluted with 37.0 mL of dilutionwater, was just as toxic as only 2.8 mL of W2 diluted with 97.2 1nL ofdilution water. Therefore, with an increase in toxicity, there was adecrease in the LC-50 value.TABLE 20. The percentage of mortality of 9-to-6 day-old fathead minnow fry (Pimephales promelas) resulting from96-hour exposures to full-strength extracts generated from five fly ashes. Initial and final pHs and concentrations ofdissolved oxygen (mg/L) are listed.Samp 1 e PH i pHf 0.O.i D-0.f Mortality (%)
Page 1 and 2: lllinoiSTATSTAT
Page 3 and 4: V SURVEYatural Resources Building60
Page 5 and 6: TABLESSummary of the origin and gen
Page 7 and 8: The overall purpose of this investi
Page 9 and 10: steady state conditions in the disp
Page 11 and 12: total carbon determinations were ca
Page 13 and 14: y passing the extract through a col
Page 15 and 16: The GC-MS analyses were performed b
Page 17 and 18: with ultrapure water. The final HCl
Page 19 and 20: Be 3. Wlir~eraiogical composi'tion
Page 21 and 22: Table 6. Trace constituent concentr
Page 23 and 24: Table 7. Fly ash sample classificat
Page 25 and 26: Table 8. Carbon, sulfur, and benzen
Page 27 and 28: Wave number (cm-'Figure 8. Infrared
Page 29 and 30: Figure 12. HPLC chromatogram of the
Page 31 and 32: Figure 16. HPLC chromatogram of the
Page 34 and 35: Table 11. Organic components in the
Page 36 and 37: Figure 21. Gas chromatogram of the
Page 38 and 39: 4.Jrcrm c o mQU"* 'tn U.a-U U O NrO
Page 40 and 41: constituents. The amount of soluble
Page 42 and 43: Table 14. Change in chemical compos
Page 44 and 45: Table 16. Change in chemical compos
Page 46 and 47: Change in chemical composition as a
Page 48 and 49: Figure 26. Changes in the concentra
Page 52 and 53: Table 21. The LC-50 values, amount
Page 54 and 55: Table 23. The range of concentratio
Page 56 and 57: Table 25. The range of concentratio
Page 58 and 59: Table 27. The mean initial lengths
Page 60 and 61: Table 32. The mean final lengths an
Page 62 and 63: Several of the extrbivalves ( ~ are
Page 64 and 65: The mean concentrations of various
Page 66 and 67: 1972). Cadmium is a dangerous cumul
Page 68 and 69: Bl umer, M., 1957, Removal of eleme
Page 70 and 71: Furr, A. K-, T. F, Parkinson, R. A.
Page 72 and 73: Murtha, M. J., and G. Burnet, 1979,
Page 74 and 75: Standard methods for examination of

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