Chemical and toxicological properties of coal fly ash - University of ...

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essentially of Si, Al, and Fe as amorphous alumino-silicate glass, quartz(Si02), mullite (A16Si2013), and various iron oxide species such asmagnetite (Fe304) and hematite (Fe203) (Table 3). Comparable resultswere reported by Natusch et al. (1977) and Griffin et al. (1980) for otherI1 linois Basin fly ashes. A small amount of lime (Ca0) was also detectedby x-ray diffractometry in four of the Illinois Basin samples. Silicon,reported as percent silica (Si02), ranged frorn about 43 to 52% (Table 4).A1 urninum and Fe, reported in their oxide forms, represented approximately20% of the material. The reddish-brown colors (IOYR, dry Munsell soilcolors) associated with I2 and I7 were probably due to the Fe levels, about2 to 3% greater than the average levels of the seven other Illinois Basinfly ashes lacking the reddish-brown hues and having 2.5Y-5Y colors. TheCa, Mg, Na, Ti, K, and S together (as oxides) constituted about 10% of thesamples. Other minor constituents (less than 0.01%) were Ba, Sr, P, andMn. The total S content of the Illinois Basin samples ranged frorn 0.32 to1.06% (Table 5). Most of the total S (62 - 92%) was present as sulfatecompounds. The remaining S (8 - 38%) was in sulfide forms. The averageratio of sulfate4 to sulfide-S in the Illinois Basin samples was about5:1.In contrast to the Illinois Basin fly ashes, the two lignite-base samples(W2 and W3) consisted of about 30% Si02, 25% CaO, and 8% MgO. Themineralogical composition of these samples was predominantly periclase(MgO) , quartz ( SiOz), and anhydri te (CaSO4). The 1 ignite-base flyTable 2. Particle size data for the 12 fly ashes by pipet analysis (percent weight) and specific gravity.Particle size (p)SpecificFly ash >62 31 -62 16-31 8-16 4-8 2-4 1-2 0.5-1
Be 3. Wlir~eraiogical composi'tion of the I2 fly ash samples.MineralQuartz (SiO2) X X X X ~ X X X X X XMu1 1 i t e (A1 6Si 2013) x x x x x x x x"Magnet i t e -mag hemieesuite" (Fe304-Fe203)Hematite (Fe203) ~ ~ x x x x ~Lime (CaO) x x x x xCalcite (CaC03)xPericl ase (MgO) x xAnhydri te (CaS04) x xUnidentified x xChemical composition of the 11 2 fly ashes: major and minor constituents (percent weight).ChemicalFly ashconstituent I1 P 2 I3 I4 15 I6 I7 I8 I9 Ld 1 W2 W 3Si 02Ti 02203Fe203CaOMg 0Mn 0Na20K20p2059'3Total CHz0 -
Page 1 and 2: lllinoiSTATSTAT
Page 3 and 4: V SURVEYatural Resources Building60
Page 5 and 6: TABLESSummary of the origin and gen
Page 7 and 8: The overall purpose of this investi
Page 9 and 10: steady state conditions in the disp
Page 11 and 12: total carbon determinations were ca
Page 13 and 14: y passing the extract through a col
Page 15 and 16: The GC-MS analyses were performed b
Page 17: with ultrapure water. The final HCl
Page 21 and 22: Table 6. Trace constituent concentr
Page 23 and 24: Table 7. Fly ash sample classificat
Page 25 and 26: Table 8. Carbon, sulfur, and benzen
Page 27 and 28: Wave number (cm-'Figure 8. Infrared
Page 29 and 30: Figure 12. HPLC chromatogram of the
Page 31 and 32: Figure 16. HPLC chromatogram of the
Page 34 and 35: Table 11. Organic components in the
Page 36 and 37: Figure 21. Gas chromatogram of the
Page 38 and 39: 4.Jrcrm c o mQU"* 'tn U.a-U U O NrO
Page 40 and 41: constituents. The amount of soluble
Page 42 and 43: Table 14. Change in chemical compos
Page 44 and 45: Table 16. Change in chemical compos
Page 46 and 47: Change in chemical composition as a
Page 48 and 49: Figure 26. Changes in the concentra
Page 50 and 51: Table 19. Corytituents in the long-
Page 52 and 53: Table 21. The LC-50 values, amount
Page 54 and 55: Table 23. The range of concentratio
Page 56 and 57: Table 25. The range of concentratio
Page 58 and 59: Table 27. The mean initial lengths
Page 60 and 61: Table 32. The mean final lengths an
Page 62 and 63: Several of the extrbivalves ( ~ are
Page 64 and 65: The mean concentrations of various
Page 66 and 67: 1972). Cadmium is a dangerous cumul
Page 68 and 69:
Bl umer, M., 1957, Removal of eleme
Page 70 and 71:
Furr, A. K-, T. F, Parkinson, R. A.
Page 72 and 73:
Murtha, M. J., and G. Burnet, 1979,
Page 74 and 75:
Standard methods for examination of
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