Chemical and toxicological properties of coal fly ash - University of ...

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1972). Cadmium is a dangerous cumulative poison. A concentration factorof up to 1,000 has been reported (National Academy of Science, 1973).Several authors have measured Cd uptake by freshwater organisms. Theaccumulation of Cd by freshwater fish has been studied in white catfish,IctaZurms catus (Rowe and Massaro, 1974) ; goldfish, Camssius aumtus(Marafante, 1976); bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus (Mount and Stephan, 1967;Eaton, 1974) ; zebra fish, Brachydanio rerio (Rehwolt and Karimi an-Teherani ,76) ; stickleback, Gasterosteus aeuZeatus (Pascoe and Mattey, 1977) ;guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Ki nkade and Erdman, 1975) ; brook trout,SaZueZinu fontirrzlis (Benoi t et a1 . , 1976) ; rainbow trout, SaZm gairdneri(Kumada et a1 . , 1973) ; and 1 argemouth bass, Micropterus salmaides (Cearleyand Coleman, 1974). Very little Cd is accumulated in the edible portionsof fishes; it is usually concentrated in the gills, liver, and kidneys.Cadmium in fishes, therefore, does not appear to represent a hazard tohuman consumers. However, oysters, abalone, and mussels are capable ofaccumulating extremely high levels of Cd in edible portions (Phillips andRusso, 1978).Manganese has a relatively low tendency for bioaccumulation in freshwateranganese has a low toxicity to humans, but poisonings haveoccurred from excessive exposures to Mn in plants (Berry et a1 . , 1974).ronic poisoning may result from the inhalation of Mn compounds (Sullivan,69). Manganese has been detected in marine and freshwater fishes and haseen shown to be accumulated via the food chain in marine and freshwaterinvertebrates. However, Mn appears to be a relatively nonhazardous elementin most waters due to the low toxicity of Mn to humans and aquatic life(Phi 11 ips and Russo, 1978).Molybdenum has a low bioaccumulative tendency in fish. Bioaccumulation ofMo by lake trout, SaZveZims nzmycush, was studied by Tong et al. (1974).Molybdenum compounds exhibit a low order of toxicity for exposed workers(American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists, 1974).Molybdenum does not tend to accumulate in the edible portions of fish andhas a relatively low toxicity to humans (Phillips and Russo, 1978).A1 though Ni is present in considerable amounts in plant and animal tissues,dietary intake of Ni is not harmful to humans. Workers exposed to Ni maydevelop a sensitivity to it and even dermatitis. Because of Nik low toxicityto humans, almost no information is available on the accumulation of Ni byaquatic organisms (Phillips and Russo, 1978).In industrial situations Ni dust has been shown to cause lung and nasal cancersin exposed workers (Do11,1958), and Ni metal can cause eczema i ti sensitizedworkers (Browning, 1969). Nickel carbonyl, an intermediate in the nickelrefining process (also found in cigarette smoke and a possible product of theincomplete combustion of coal), can cause cancer in rats and humans andrepresents the primary nickel related hazard to human health (Sunderman andDonnelly, 1965; Schroeder, 1970). The low toxicity of nickel when orallyingested has been demonstrated for several animals (Underwood, 1971). Nickelconstantly occurs in food, many waters, and all forms of life, both marine andterrestrial (Bowen, 1966).The results of this study demonstrated that fly ash extracts were acutely toxicto fathead minnows and that various trace elements are accumlated in both
fathead minnows and green sunfish. Of the six chemical constituents mostcommonly accumulated in the fish, Cd appears to be the most toxic. Neither thebioaccumulation and biomagnification of trace elements in fish of varioustrophic levels nor the health effects from the human consumption of those fishare well understood; both subjects warrant additional study.Abernathy, R. F., 1969, Spectrocheini.ca1 analysis of coal ash for traceelements: Investigation 7281, 1J.S. Department of Interior,Washington, DC.Adriano, D. C., A. L. Page, A. A. Elseewi, A. C. Chang, and I. Straughan,1980, Utilization and disposal of fly ash and other coal residues interrestri a1 ecosystems: a review: Journal of Environmental Qua1 i ty,v. 9, no. 3, p. 333-344.American Conference of Governmental and Industri a1 Hygienists, 1974,Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroomair with supplements: American Conference of Governmental Industri a1Hygienists, 3rd edition, Cincinnati, Ohio.Anonymous, 1974, Action level for mercury in fish and shellfish: FederalRegister, v. 39, no. 236, p. 42738-42740.Barnes, R. B., K. C. Gore, U. Liddel, and V.Z. M i l l i ams, 1944, InfraredSpectroscopy: Reinhold Pub1 ishing Corporation, New York.'Becker, C. D., and T. O. Thatcher, 1973, Toxicity of power plant chemicalsto aquatic life: Battelle Pac fic ~orthwest Laboratories, Richland,WA.Rellarny, L. I., 1958, The Infra-redidiley and Sons, Inc-, New YorkSpectra of Complex Molecules:JohnBenoit, D. A., and G. W. Holcombe,minnows, Pimephates prometas :701 -708.978, Toxic effects of zinc on fathead,Journal of Fisheries Biology, v. 13, p.Benoit, D. A., E. MI Leonard, G. M. Christensen, and J. T. Fiandt, 1576,Toxic effects of cadmium on three generations of brook trout(Satvetinus f'ontimlis ) : Transact ions of the American Fi sheriesSociety, v. 105, no. 4, p. 550-560.Berry, J. W., D. W. Osgood, and P. A. St. John, 1974, Chemical villains:biology of pollution: C. U. Mosby Co., St. Louis, MO.Birge, W. J., 1978, Aquatic toxicology of trace elements of coal and flyash, in DOE Symposium Series, v. 48, ISS Energy environmental stressof the aquatic system, p. 219-240.
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lllinoiSTATSTAT
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V SURVEYatural Resources Building60
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TABLESSummary of the origin and gen
Page 7 and 8:
The overall purpose of this investi
Page 9 and 10:
steady state conditions in the disp
Page 11 and 12:
total carbon determinations were ca
Page 13 and 14:
y passing the extract through a col
Page 15 and 16: The GC-MS analyses were performed b
Page 17 and 18: with ultrapure water. The final HCl
Page 19 and 20: Be 3. Wlir~eraiogical composi'tion
Page 21 and 22: Table 6. Trace constituent concentr
Page 23 and 24: Table 7. Fly ash sample classificat
Page 25 and 26: Table 8. Carbon, sulfur, and benzen
Page 27 and 28: Wave number (cm-'Figure 8. Infrared
Page 29 and 30: Figure 12. HPLC chromatogram of the
Page 31 and 32: Figure 16. HPLC chromatogram of the
Page 34 and 35: Table 11. Organic components in the
Page 36 and 37: Figure 21. Gas chromatogram of the
Page 38 and 39: 4.Jrcrm c o mQU"* 'tn U.a-U U O NrO
Page 40 and 41: constituents. The amount of soluble
Page 42 and 43: Table 14. Change in chemical compos
Page 44 and 45: Table 16. Change in chemical compos
Page 46 and 47: Change in chemical composition as a
Page 48 and 49: Figure 26. Changes in the concentra
Page 50 and 51: Table 19. Corytituents in the long-
Page 52 and 53: Table 21. The LC-50 values, amount
Page 54 and 55: Table 23. The range of concentratio
Page 56 and 57: Table 25. The range of concentratio
Page 58 and 59: Table 27. The mean initial lengths
Page 60 and 61: Table 32. The mean final lengths an
Page 62 and 63: Several of the extrbivalves ( ~ are
Page 64 and 65: The mean concentrations of various
Page 68 and 69: Bl umer, M., 1957, Removal of eleme
Page 70 and 71: Furr, A. K-, T. F, Parkinson, R. A.
Page 72 and 73: Murtha, M. J., and G. Burnet, 1979,
Page 74 and 75: Standard methods for examination of
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