Chemical and toxicological properties of coal fly ash - University of ...

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of the total extractable organics. The elemental sulfur was removed bypassing the extract through activated copper powder following the firstconcentration step. The amount of the benzene-extractable organic matterin each fly ash sample is reported as mg/kg of fly ash and as a percentweight of the organic C contained in the sample (Table 8). The C and Svalues for each fly ash sample are also reported in Table 8. In twowestern fly ashes (W1 and W2), less than 1% of the total organic C wasbenzene-extractable; in two other fly ashes (I6 and I8), less than 0.1% ofthe C was extracted into benzene. The unburned and partly burned coalparticles in the fly ashes are presumed to be the source of most of theorganic C. These coal particles would be only slightly soluble inbenzene.1. Bobrowski and Pistilli ( 1979)@ fly ashes from bituminous coals 2. Chou et al. (1976)3. Chopra et at. (1979)fly ashes from subbituminous4. Cooper (unpub. data)and lignite coals5. Foster (unpub. data)magnetic fractions of bituminous6. Griffin et al. (1980) 7. Harvey (unpub. data).fly ashes 8. Hood (1976)9. Hurst and Sty ron ( 1979)10. Murtha and Burnet (1979)1 1. Rose et al. ( 1979)12. Ryan et al. (1 976)13. Santhanam and Ulrich (1979)14. This investigation. Thornton et al. (1976). van der Sloot and Nieuwendijk(1981)17. Wochok et al. (1 976)13FerricCalcicm9\/ / / \12 29 52% Calcic Group(rare or not known to exist)Figure 5. The 12 fly ash samples and 27 other fly ash samples from the literature plotted on the Sialic-Ferric-Calcicdiagram for classification.ISGS 1983
Table 8. Carbon, sulfur, and benzene-extractable organic matter of selected fly ashes.Total Inorganic Organic Total Benzene ExtractableFl Y C C C S Organic CAsh (%I (%) (%) (%I (mg/kd (%IThe infrared spectrum (Fig. 6, for example) of the benzene extracts wasused for comparison with the infrared spectra of the corresponding LCfractions of the extracts. Absorption peaks due to aliphatic and aromaticstructures and from hydroxyl, carbonyl, ether, and nitrogen containinggroups were evident in all the extracts.The benzene extracts of four of the fly ashes were separated into seven LCfractions according to the Level 1 procedure. Only 11 mg of extract wasobtained from fly ash 16; because the LC separation could not be done withthis small amount of extract, the analysis of this sample was discontinued.The results from LC fractionation are expressed gravimetrically asmilligrams of solvent-free LC fraction per kilogram of fly ash (Table 9).Except for the extract from W1, the major portions of the organics in theextracts were found in fractions LC-1 and LC-6. The LC fractions of the W1extract were more evenly distributed on a weight percent basis than werethose of the other fly ashes. The IR spectrum indicated that the W1extract had a somewhat different distribution of compounds (Fig. 7) thandid the other fly ashes examined.aoQo 2000 lajb0 1000 sdoWave number (cm-' 1Figure 6. Infrared spectrum of the benzene-extractable organic material in fly ash 18.
Page 1 and 2: lllinoiSTATSTAT
Page 3 and 4: V SURVEYatural Resources Building60
Page 5 and 6: TABLESSummary of the origin and gen
Page 7 and 8: The overall purpose of this investi
Page 9 and 10: steady state conditions in the disp
Page 11 and 12: total carbon determinations were ca
Page 13 and 14: y passing the extract through a col
Page 15 and 16: The GC-MS analyses were performed b
Page 17 and 18: with ultrapure water. The final HCl
Page 19 and 20: Be 3. Wlir~eraiogical composi'tion
Page 21 and 22: Table 6. Trace constituent concentr
Page 23: Table 7. Fly ash sample classificat
Page 27 and 28: Wave number (cm-'Figure 8. Infrared
Page 29 and 30: Figure 12. HPLC chromatogram of the
Page 31 and 32: Figure 16. HPLC chromatogram of the
Page 34 and 35: Table 11. Organic components in the
Page 36 and 37: Figure 21. Gas chromatogram of the
Page 38 and 39: 4.Jrcrm c o mQU"* 'tn U.a-U U O NrO
Page 40 and 41: constituents. The amount of soluble
Page 42 and 43: Table 14. Change in chemical compos
Page 44 and 45: Table 16. Change in chemical compos
Page 46 and 47: Change in chemical composition as a
Page 48 and 49: Figure 26. Changes in the concentra
Page 50 and 51: Table 19. Corytituents in the long-
Page 52 and 53: Table 21. The LC-50 values, amount
Page 54 and 55: Table 23. The range of concentratio
Page 56 and 57: Table 25. The range of concentratio
Page 58 and 59: Table 27. The mean initial lengths
Page 60 and 61: Table 32. The mean final lengths an
Page 62 and 63: Several of the extrbivalves ( ~ are
Page 64 and 65: The mean concentrations of various
Page 66 and 67: 1972). Cadmium is a dangerous cumul
Page 68 and 69: Bl umer, M., 1957, Removal of eleme
Page 70 and 71: Furr, A. K-, T. F, Parkinson, R. A.
Page 72 and 73: Murtha, M. J., and G. Burnet, 1979,
Page 74 and 75:
Standard methods for examination of
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