ARAB UPRISING1Koch, C. (summer 2011). The Arab Spring is a real opportunity for Europe. Europe’s World. Retrieved from: http://www.europesworld.org/NewEnglish/Home_old/Article/tabid/191/ArticleType/articleview/ArticleID/21837/language/en-US/Default.aspx.2Witney, N., and Dworkin, A. (September 2012). A Power Audit of EU-North Africa Relations. London: European Council on Foreign Relations. p.6.3Errard, G. (11 September 2011). Le G8 promet 40 milliards de dollars aux pays arabes. Le Figaro. Retrieved from: http://www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/2011/09/10/04016-20110910ARTFIG00491-le-g8-promet-40-milliards-de-dollars-aux-pays-arabes.php; Irish, J. and Baker, L. (27 May 2011).G8 pledges $20 billion to foster Arab Spring. Reuters. Retrieved from: http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/27/us-g-idUSTRE74P00320110527.4Koch.C. (Summer 2011). The Arab spring is a real opportunity for Europe.5Hamdan, S. (11 October, 2012). Arab Countries Waiting for Promised Aid. New York Times. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/business/global/arab-countries-waiting-for-promised-aid.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.6Taspinar, O. and Laurence, J. (20 December, 2011). Will Europe Shrink from the Arab Spring? World Politics Review (feature report). Retrieved from:http://www.jonathanlaurence.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/LaurenceTaspinar-WPR_Arab_Spring_12202011.pdf .7Libya unrest: UK envoy’s convoy attacked in Benghazi. (11 June 2012). BBC News. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18401792.8Witney, N. and Dworkin, A. (September 2012). pp.16-17 and p.22.9French Foreign Minister Alliot-Marie quits over Tunisia. (27 February, 2011). BBC News. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldeurope-12591452.10Juppé, A. (16 April, 2011). Arab spring symposium – Closing speech in Paris. Retrieved from: http://www.ambafrance-uk.org/Alain-Juppe-s-speechat-the-Arab.html.11Fabius, L. (27 June, 2012). Speech in Paris at the International Conference “Le monde arabe à l’âge des revolutions”. Retrieved from: http://www.franceonu.org/la-france-a-l-onu/espace-presse/declarations-presse/interventions-publiques/article/27-juin-2012-colloque.12Crumley, B. (14 November, 2012). France Recognizes Syria’s Opposition—Will the West Follow Suit? Time World. Retrieved from: http://world.time.com/2012/11/14/france-recognizes-syrias-opposition-will-the-west-follow-suit/.13Witney, N. and Dworkin, A. (September 2012). p.44; figure refers to the total aid provided by France to Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia.14Kundnani, H. (9 July, 2011). Germany’s contribution to the Arab spring: arms sales. The Guardian. Retrieved from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/09/germany-arms-sale-saudi-arabia.15German support for new North Africa underlined. (10 January, 2012). The Local. Retrieved from: http://www.thelocal.de/politics/20120110-40015.html.16Westerwelle, G. (8 November, 2011). Speech to the 2011 CFSP Review Conference: “Democratic and Economic Transformation in North Africa andthe Middle East. Retrieved from: http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/EN/Infoservice/Presse/Reden/2011/111108-BM_SWP.html?nn=605326; on the risingarms sales to Algeria, see Tanks in the Desert Germany Plans Extensive Arms Deal with Algeria. (12 November, 2012), Der Spiegel. Retrieved from:http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/german-arms-sales-to-algeria-have-increased-dramatically-a-866690.html.17See Netherlands, Germany may send missiles to Turkey: report. (18 November, 2012) Reuters. Retrieved from: http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/18/us-syria-crisis-turkey-idUSBRE8AH0JL20121118.18See Norton-Taylor, R. (12 July, 2012). Arab spring took British intelligence by surprise, report says. The Guardian. Retrieved from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/jul/12/arab-spring-british-intelligence-report; See also House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee. (3 July 2012).British foreign policy and the ‘Arab Spring’. (Second Report of Session 2012-2013), p.20. Retrieved from: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmfaff/80/80.pdf.19See Porter, A. and Spillius, A. (27 May, 2011). Arab Spring will add to extremism if we do not help, says David Cameron. The Telegraph. Retrievedfrom: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron/8539420/Arab-Spring-will-add-to-extremism-if-we-do-not-help-says-David-Cameron.html; and Cameron, D. (26 September, 2012). Speech to the United Nations General Assembly Retrieved from: http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/david-camerons-address-to-the-united-nations-general-assembly/.20Syria conflict: UK to give extra £5m to opposition groups. (10 August, 2012). BBC News. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19205204;German spies ‘active on rebel side in Syria’. (19 August 2012). The Local. Retrieved from: http://www.thelocal.de/national/20120819-44445.html.21Abbas, M. (6 November, 2012). Assad’s safe exit “could be arranged”: Britain’s PM Cameron. Reuters. Retrieved from: http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/06/us-syria-crisis-cameron-idUSBRE8A50O320121106.22The European Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. (8 March 2011). A Partnership forDemocracy and Shared Prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean. Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the EuropeanEconomic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/neighbourhood/documents/communication_conjointe_mars_2011_en.pdf.23Witney, N. and Dworkin, A. (September 2012). p.27.8 2Citations
24The European Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. (25 May, 2011). A new response to achanging Neighbourhood. Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and theCommittee of the Regions. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/neighbourhood/documents/communication_conjointe_mai_2011_en.pdf.25Witney, N. and Dworkin, A. (September 2012). p.28.26See European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument website for the 2014-2020 figures at http://www.enpi-info.eu/main.php?id_type=2&id=402#Funding.27Santini, R. (9 June, 2011). The Transatlantic Relationship After the Arab Uprisings: Stronger in North Africa, Shakier in the Middle East? BrookingsInstitution (paper). Retrieved from: http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2011/06/09-arab-uprisings-santini.28Hanelt, C.-P.. (12-16 November 2012). Europe, Turkey and the Arabellion after the US elections. <strong>Bertelsmann</strong> Stiftung (Panel Discussions). p.11.Retrieved from: http://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/cps/rde/xbcr/SID-626BE397-463D3063/bst/xcms_bst_dms_36867__2.pdf. For more, see Witney, N.and Dworkin, A. (September 2012), pp.60-65.29See <strong>Bertelsmann</strong> Stiftung. (May 2011). Establishing a European-Mediterranean Community (discussion paper for the 13th Kronberg Talks).Retrieved from: http://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/cps/rde/xbcr/SID-4C729351-2CFC7980/bst/xcms_bst_dms_33961_33962_2.pdf.30Eralp, N. A. (12-16 November 2012). Europe, Turkey and the Arabellion after the US elections. <strong>Bertelsmann</strong> Stiftung (panel discussions). p.11.Retrieved from: http://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/cps/rde/xbcr/SID-626BE397-463D3063/bst/xcms_bst_dms_36867__2.pdf.31Santini, R. (9 June, 2011). The Transatlantic Relationship After the Arab Uprisings.32Ibid.; see also <strong>Bertelsmann</strong> Stiftung. (May 2011). Establishing a European-Mediterranean Community.33Mneimneh, H. (25 October, 2012). Why Democratic Transitions in the Arab World Will Be Harder than in Post-Communist Europe. German MarshallFund of the US (blog post). Retrieved from: http://blog.gmfus.org/2012/10/25/why-democratic-transitions-in-the-arab-world-will-be-harder-than-inpost-communist-europe/.34Mirow, T. (15 March, 2012). Speech to the London School of Economics and Political Science, London: “Where next for the Arab Spring? Learningfrom EBRD engagement in Eastern Europe”. Retrieved from: http://www.ebrd.com/pages/news/speeches/mirow_120315.shtml.35EU response to the Arab Spring: the SPRING Programme. (27 September, 2011). European Union (EU MEMO/11/636). Retrieved from: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-11-636_en.htm?locale=en; Rogin, J. (18 May, 2012). State Department’s new Middle East fund in trouble on CapitolHill. Foreign Policy (the Cable). Retrieved from: http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/05/18/state_department_s_new_middle_east_fund_in_trouble_on_capitol_hill.36Meyersson, E., Olofsgård, A. and Roine, J. (December 2011). Transition All Over? Lessons from the Experience of the Post-Communist Countries forthe Countries of the Arab Spring. European Institute of the Mediterranean (papers IEMed). Retrieved from: http://www.iemed.org/publicacions-en/historicde-publicacions/papersiemed/10.-transition-all-over-lessons-from-the-experience-of-the-post-commuist-countries-for-the-countries-of-the-arabspring-en.37Tocci, N. (24 May, 2012). One Year On: A Balance Sheet of the EU’s Response to the Arab Spring. German Marshall Fund of the US (op-ed). Retrievedfrom: http://www.gmfus.org/archives/one-year-on-a-balance-sheet-of-the-eus-response-to-the-arab-spring/.38Muasher, M. and Wilkens, K. (29 November, 2012). Awakening to a New Arab World. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Global Ten article).Retrieved from: http://carnegieendowment.org/globalten/?fa=50146.39Witney, N. and Dworkin, A. (September 2012). pp.56-57.40For more see Hamid, S. (20 June, 2012). Prioritizing Democracy: How the Next President Should Re-Orient US Policy in the Middle East. BrookingsInstitution (campaign 2012 papers Number 11). Retrieved from: http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2012/06/20-middle-east-hamid.41Idem.42For more on the outreach to underserved communities, see Martin, G. (April 2011). In Smart-Power Shift, US Now Actively Cultivating MuslimMinorities In The EU. European Institute (European Affairs Article). Retrieved from: http://www.europeaninstitute.org/EA-April-2011/in-smart-powershift-us-now-actively-cultivating-muslim-minorities-in-the-eu.html.43Tocci, N. (24 May, 2012). One Year On.44See more at Hassan, O. (undated). The Arab Spring: US Policy and Lessons for Europe. Warwick University (knowledge centre policy brief). Retrievedfrom: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/knowledge/culture/europeanpolicybrief/.45For more, see Wagner, B. (July 2012). After the Arab Spring: New Paths for Human Rights and the Internet in European Foreign Policy. EuropeanParliament (policy department briefing paper). Retrieved from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/studiesdownload.html?languageDocument=EN&file=75431.Citations 8 3
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