BF-FieldManual-FEB13 -3.pdf - Bertelsmann Foundation

COUNTERTERRORISM & HOMELAND SECURITY1With 60 percent of cargo being transported on passenger airplanes, cargo security is directly tied to passenger security, which is why the US hasbeen active in promoting the 100-percent mandate.2European Commission. (1 June, 2012). EU-US Security Agreement Allows Cheaper and Faster Air Cargo Operations. (press release). Retrieved from: http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/12/544&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en.3Agreements include Europol, Extradition, Mutual Legal Assistance, Container Security Initiative, Eurojust, TFTP and PNR. See: http://www.statewatch.org/Targeted-issues/EU-USA-dp-agreement/eu-usa-dp-info-exchange-agreement.htm4U.S. Travel Association. (August 2012). Economic Impact of Travel and Tourism. Retrieved from: http://www.ustravel.org/sites/default/files/page/2009/09/EconomicImpactofTravelandTourism2012Updates.pdf5U.S. Travel Association. (accessed 17 December, 2012). World Tourism: US Datasheet. (datasheet). Retrieved from: http://www.ustravel.org/sites/default/files/page/2009/09/World_US_Datasheet_09a.pdf6Marketwire. (11 October, 2010). US Citizens Cancel Travel Plans to Europe Following Govt. Safety Warnings. (press release). Retrieved from: http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/US-Citizens-Cancel-Travel-Plans-to-Europe-Following-Govt-Safety-Warnings-1332565.htm7International Trade Administration. (accessed 17 December, 2010). Top 10 International Markets: 2009 Visitation and Spending. US Department ofCommerce. Retrieved from: http://tinet.ita.doc.gov/pdf/2010-Top-10-Markets.pdf8International Trade Administration. (2011). 2011 Market Profiled: Europe. International Trade Administration. (datasheet). US Department of Commerce.Retrieved from: http://tinet.ita.doc.gov/outreachpages/download_data_table/2011_Europe_Market_Profile.pdf9Pawluk, P. (Ed.). (2011). The EU-US Security and Justice Agenda in Action. Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies. p. 38.10Wetzling, T. (2011) What Role for What Rule of Law in EU-US Counterterrorism Cooperation? in Pawlak, P. (Ed.), The EU-US Security and Justice Agendain Action (p. 36). Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies.11European Parliament. (11 September, 2012). European Parliament Resolution of 11 September 2012 on Alleged Transportation and IllegalDetention of Prisoners of European Countries by the CIA: Follow Up of the European Parliament TDIP Committee Report. (report no. 2012/2033 INI).Retrieved from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P7-TA-2012-30912May, T. (15 October, 2012). Home Secretary Oral Statement on European Justice and Home Affairs powers. Retrieved from: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/media-centre/speeches/home-sec-eu-justice-statement13The Lisbon Treaty annex provides opt-outs for the UK and Ireland from freedom, security and justice agreements. Retrieved from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:083:0201:0328:EN:PDF14“It’s better for Europe to have a common position because it makes no sense for European passengers to travel from London to Madrid and backand have different controls,” Spanish Transport Minister Jose Blanco Lopez (7 January, 2010), in “Spain Calls for Common EU Stance on Airport BodyScanners.” Deutsche Welle. Retrieved from: http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5098288,00.html15Fulton, S.M. (20 March, 2012). EU Commissioner: US Should Catch Up with Europe on Data Privacy. Retrieved from: http://www.readwriteweb.com/cloud/2012/03/eu-commissioner-us-should-catc.php16Cañas, G. (1 October, 2012). “El imperio de la informacióHLCG) rthe Crtment of Justices Athe flight carrying a person of concern?n,” El Pais.Retrieved from: http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2012/09/30/actualidad/1349026374_446501.html17The EU welcomed US District Court Judge Katherine Forrest’s determination on May 15, 2012, that section 1021 was unconstitutional.18De Kerchove, G., Emmerson, B., and Søvndal, V. (19 March, 2012). Counter-Terrorism and Human Rights. European Voice. Retrieved from: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2012/march/counter-terrorism-and-human-rights/73907.aspx19The Visa Waiver Program, introduced in 1986 as a pilot program, was made permanent by Congress in 2000 and changed in 2007 to give countrieswho are partners with the US on the war on terrorism the ability to allow their citizens to travel to the United States without a visa for up to 90 days.Even though Congress, through the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, expressed a sense that it would like to further extend visa-free travel to alliednations, VWP has become enmeshed in a matrix of conditions and benchmarks that make it difficult if not impossible to gain entry. That is becausea country’s eligibility is measured not only by good relations with the United States, but also by its nationals’ overstay rate, according to the act. Thecurrent rate of overstay for maintenance of VWP is 3 percent. According to State Department statistics, Poland has reduced its refusal rate from 13.5percent to 9.8 percent between 2009 and 2010. This would be low enough to enter VWP under the relaxed guidelines for DHS, but not low enoughunder the current 3 percent threshold. Attached to VWP is the Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA), which Congress created to enhancethe security of VWP.20De Kerchove, G. (2011). Preface. In Pawlak, P. (Ed.), The EU-US Security and Justice Agenda in Action (p. 38). Paris: European Union Institute for SecurityStudies European Union.21The HLCG had previously agreed on common language emphasizing the need to make redress available to aggrieved passengers, but disagreementstill exists over the necessary scope of judicial redress.22European Council. (23 November, 2009). Reports by the High Level Contact Group (HLCG) on Information Sharing and Privacy and PersonalData Protection. (Report No. 15851/09). Retrieved from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/libe/dv/01_st15851_09_hlcgnov2009_/01_st15851_09_hlcgnov2009_en.pdf8 4Citations