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Bibliography - 1993 Radiolaria 14 sites are assignable to the Quaternary Collosphaera tuberosa Interval Zone and Amphirhopalum ypsilon Interval Zone. The boundary between these zones cannot be determined precisely because of the rarity of zonal markers below surface sediments. Correlations have been made between radiolarian occurrences and magnetostratigraphic events elsewhere in the Pacific Ocean, but similar correlations are difficult at Sites 842 and 843 because of poor subsurface preservation. Chert samples collected from intervals in Cores 842B-10 and 842C- 1W have yielded radiolarian ages of lower Cenomanian to Santonian and lower Cenomanian, respectively. Radiolarian assemblages in volcanic sand layers in Sections 6 and 7 of Core 842A-1H (7.5-9.6 mbsf) contain lower and middle Eocene radiolarians admixed with abundant Quaternary faunas. Reworked Eocene radiolarians appear to be restricted to thin layers of volcanic sands within the cores, suggesting deposition by turbidity currents. Hull, D.M., Pessagno, E.A.J., Hopson, C.A., Blome, C.D. & Muñoz, I.M. 1993. Chronostratigraphic assignment of volcanopelagic strata above the coast range ophiolite. In: Mesozoic Paleogeography of the Western United States-II. (Dunn, G. & McDougall, K., Eds.), vol. 71. Pacific Section, Society of economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, pp. 157-170. The chronostratigraphic assignments of radiolarian cherts, tuffaceous mudstones and volcaniclastic strata (referred to herein as volcanopelagic succession) overlying the Coast Range ophiolite in the Coast Ranges of California have been refined on the basis of additional field data and recent revision of the Pessagno and others radiolarian biostratigraphic zonation for the Middle and Upper Jurassic of North America. Revision of this zonation scheme, accomplished through the integration of radiolarian data with ammonite biostratigraphy and geochronometry, has enabled close correlation of radiolarian assemblages in North America, Europe, and Japan. However, major differences still exist in the stage assignments of these assemblages among different zonations. The Pessagno and others scheme is utilized herein to discuss the current chronostratigraphic assignments at five localities in the Coast Ranges: Point Sal, Stanley Mountain, Cuesta Ridge, and Llanada in the southern Coast Ranges, and Black Mountain (Geyser Peak area) in the northern Coast Ranges of California. Stage assignments for volcanopelagic successions in these areas range from uppermost Callovian/lower Oxfordian to upper Tithonian. Iijima, H., Sekine, K. & Saito, Y. 1993. Jurassic radiolarians from the Clastic Rock Unit of the northern part of the Chichibu Belt in the Kanto Mountains, central Japan. Bull. nat. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Ser. C, 19/3, 81-89. Imazato, A. & Otoh, S. 1993. Jurassic radiolarians from the Nyukawa area, northernmost part of the Mino Belt. N. Osaka Micropaleont. spec. Vol., 9, 131-141. (in Japanese) Ishiga, H. 1993. Carbonaceous mudstones of the lower Toarcian (Jurassic) and the Permian/Triassic boundary horizons in Japan. N. Osaka Micropaleont. spec. Vol., 9, 51- 69. Jafri, S.H., Balaram, V. & Govil, P.K. 1993. Depositional environments of Cretaceous radiolarian cherts from Andaman-Nicobar Islands, northeastern Indian Ocean. Marine Geol., 112/1-4, 291-301. Radiolarian cherts of Cretaceous age are tectonically associated with pillow basalts, ultramafic rocks and turbidites in the outer sedimentary arc of the Andaman-Nicobar Islands. These radiolarian cherts are composed of radiolarian tests, quartz, albitic feldspar, basaltic rock fragments, montmorillonite and chlorite, and are classified into three different types: (I) massive tuffaceous radiolarian claystone, (II) bedded tuffaceous radiolarian claystone, and (III) bedded radiolarian argillaceous chert. Radiolarian cherts of Types I and II are similar in composition, characterised by the lower abundance of SiO2 , total REE (Σ REE) and are rich in Fe203 , MgO, TiO2 and Al203 and trace elements (e.g., Ni, Co, Cr, V, Rb, Sr, Cu and Zr) as compared to those of Type 111 radiolarian chert. Based on elemental abundance as well as petrological evidence, it is suggested that both Types I and 1I cherts have been derived from a mixed continental and basaltic source. In comparison, Type III chert seems to have been derived from a continental source. Low values of Fe20 3 /AI20 3 , Σ REE and weakly positive to negative Ce anomalies in Types I and II cherts further suggest that they accumulated close to continental margins as compared to Type III chert, which is suggested to have accumulated in a relatively distal oceanic (hemipelagic) environment. It is inferred that these radiolarian chert sequences, which were originally deposited in - 98 - different oceanic environments, were scraped off the subducting Indian plate, became tectonically juxtaposed, and now constitute a part of the Andaman-Nicobar ophiolite complex. Kashima, N. 1993. Discovery of radiolarian fossils from the Hokezu Block at the Northern area of Uwajima, Shikoku. N. Osaka Micropaleont. spec. Vol., 9 , 225-231. (in Japanese) Kashiwagi, K. & Yao, A. 1993. Jurassic to Early Cretaceous radiolarians from Yuasa area in western Kii Peninsula, southwest Japan and its significance. N. Osaka Micropaleont. spec. Vol., 9, 177-189. (in Japanese) Kawabata, K. & Ito, N. 1993. Early Jurassic radiolarians from northernmost part of the Ashio Terrane, Niigata Prefecture, central Japan. N. Osaka Micropaleont. spec. Vol., 9, 119-129. (in Japanese) Kimura, K. 1993. Occurrence of siliceous claystone and associated greenstones in the Mino-Tamba Belt. Bull. geol. Surv. Japan, 44/12, 727-743. (in Japanese) Kozlova, G.E. 1993. Radiolarian zonal scale of the boreal Paleogene. In: Radiolaria of giant and subgiant fields in Asia. Nazarov Memorial Volume. (Blueford, J.R. & Murchey, B.L., Eds.), Micropaleontology, special Publication vol. 6. Micropaleontology Press, American Museum of Natural History, New York. pp. 90-93. Boreal Paleogene radiolarians of middle Eurasia occur in many areas including West Siberia, the Urals, the North Caspian depression, Turgay. the Basin of the Volga River, the Don River and the Dnieper River. Thirteen Paleogene successive radiolarian assemblages are recognized. each consisting of 7-80 species. These assemblages contain species characteristic of the boreal realm and those typical of tropical and subtropical basins including some radiolarian index species of the Atlantic. At some stratigraphic levels, tropical species account for 20-85% of an assemblage. The age of the radiolarian assemblages can be correlated using planktonic foraminifers in the North Caspian depression. This article reviews the radiolarian zonation currently used by Russian workers. Kozur, H. 1993a. First evidence of Liassic in the Vicinity of Csovár (Hungary) and its Paleogeographic and Paleotectonic Significance. Jb. geol. Bundesanst. (Wien), 136/1, 89-98. The Csovar Limestone Formation sensu HAAS & KOVACS (1985) consists of two units different in lithofacies and age. The lower unit (Csovar Limestone Formation sensu BALOGH, 1981, who established this formation) consists of dark, bituminous, often resedimented and graded limestones, cherty limestones, marly limestones and marls. The surface outcrops of the Csovar Limestone Formation belong to the Upper Rhaetian. In a borehole also Norian is present in the Csovar Limestone Formation. The upper unit consists of bedded, in some parts massive, light-yellowish to light-brownish micritic limestones and cherty limestones. The upper part contains thick slump breccias. The upper unit is separated from the Csovar Limestone Formation s.l. and designated as Varhegy Cherty Limestone Formation. Its largest part belongs to the Hettangian. The basal Varhegy Cherty Limestone Formation has yielded Neohindeodella detrei KOZUR & MOCK, the stratigraphically youngest conodont species of the world that characterizes probably the basal Hettangian. The uppermost part of the Varhegy Cherty Limestone Formation belongs to the Sinemurian. Kozur, H. 1993b. Upper Permian Radiolarians from the Sosio Valley Area, Western Sicily (Italy) and from the Uppermost Lamar Limestone of West Texas. Jb. geol. Bundesanst. (Wien), 136/1, 99-123. Red deep-water clays from the Sosio Valley area in Western Sicily contain one of the richest Upper Permian radiolarian faunas of the world. 4 new genera and 4 new species are described from this fauna. Conodonts from a calcarenite intercalation near to the richest radiolarian-bearing sample indicate a Dzhulfian age. The stratigraphic and paleogeographic importance of this deep-water radiolarian is discussed. For comparison with the Sicilian Upper Permian radiolarian fauna, the radiolarian fauna of the uppermost Lamar Limestone of West Texas was re-investigated. In contrast to the previous age determinations this fauna is not of Late Capitanian, but of Dzhulfian age. Follicullus bispinosum n. sp. has been described from this fauna
Radiolaria 14 Bibliography - 1993 Kozur, H. & Mostler, H. 1993. Anisian to Middle Carnian radiolarian zonation and description of some stratigraphically important radiolarians. Geol. Pälont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderbd., 3, 39-199. Kruglikova, S.B. 1993. Observations on the distribution of polycystine Radiolaria in marine sediments (mainly at high taxonomic levels). In: Radiolaria of giant and subgiant fields in Asia. Nazarov Memorial Volume. (Blueford, J.R. & Murchey, B.L., Eds.), Micropaleontology, special Publication vol. 6. Micropaleontology Press, American Museum of Natural History, New York. pp. 17-21. Data on the ecology and distribution of modem radiolarian species and higher taxonomic classification is poor. This paper reviews published data on the diversity of polycystine radiolarian assemblages in different regions of the world's ocean and looks at the ecological distribution of high rank taxa. Kurimoto, C., Teraoka, Y. & Okamura, K. 1993. Cretaceous radiolarians from the Shimanto Belt of the Saiki area, Kyushu. N. Osaka Micropaleont. spec. Vol., 9, 233- 247. (in Japanese) Kuwahara, K. 1993. Morphological change of late Permian Radiolaria Albaillella. N. Osaka Micropaleont. spec. Vol., 9, 35-40. (in Japanese) Lipman, R.K. 1993. Paleogene Radiolaria of North Eurasia and their implication for a global correlation. In: Radiolaria of giant and subgiant fields in Asia. Nazarov Memorial Volume. (Blueford, J.R. & Murchey, B.L., Eds.), Micropaleontology, special Publication vol. 6 . Micropaleontology Press, American Museum of Natural History, New York. pp. 94-97. Radiolarians can be useful in developing a global zonal stratigraphy of Paleogene marine deposits. In Paleogene deposits approximately 100 species of radiolarians are found that can be used to correlate strata from North Eurasia to other continents and other oceanic sediments. A correlation scheme of zonal division of Paleogene of the North Eurasia and oceanic troughs based on radiolarians is given and their correlation with zones based on foraminifers and nannoplankton. This article reviews the Paleogene radiolarian stratigraphy used by Soviet researchers prior to 1990. Lipps, J.H. 1993. Fossil Prokaryotes and Protists. , Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford, 342 p. Fossil Prokaryotes and Protists is a textbook for an advanced paleontology course dealing with the morphology, systematics, distribution in time and space, and evolution of single-celled organisms, as represented in the fossil record. The book assumes a knowledge of the principles of paleontology or general biology, and students would be well advised to have taken an introductory course in paleontology, biology, botany, or zoology before using this book. No preceding course on systematic paleontology is necessary, because each group considered here is unique and unlike any of the multicellular animals or plants. An understanding of basic geology will be useful, although separate sections on biostratigraphy, paleoceanography, and paleoenvironments are included because that is the chief geologic use of most unicellular fossils. Traditionally, fossils of protists, although not usually those of prokaryotes, have been taught in courses called micropaleontology, but just as traditionally, these courses have covered any tiny fossils that require a microscope for study, including those of many invertebrate, vertebrate, and plant groups. Tiny fossils of higher plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates are excluded from this textbook in order to treat levels of biologic organization together rather than a particular technique of study. Both approaches have merit. Microfossils are found together in the same samples regardless of biologic origin, and the inclusion of the common fossils likely to be encountered in microscopic examination of samples in a single text book has some practical value. However, modern techniques for study of the very wide variety of microfossils are no longer simple, and nearly every group now requires special techniques. In addition, paleontology in general is making great advances by moving towards a more biologic interpretation of fossils, so textbook treatments of fossils should be usefully organized by systematic affinities. Fossil Prokaryotes and Protists does just that by including bacteria and single-celled algae and protozoa in a single volume. The multicellular invertebrate microfossils are considered in the companion textbook to this volume, Fossil Invertebrates, edited by Richard S. Board man, Alan H. Cheetham, and Albert J. Rowell, and also published by Blackwell - 99 - Scientific Publications in 1987. Vertebrate and plant fossils are considered in any of several modern textbooks. Some topics in the general field of paleontology have not yet had major impact on the study of fossil prokaryotes and protists. Cladistic analysis, for example, has not been applied to unicellular fossils in any major way, although the method is discussed in this book with the hope that it will be more widely applied by the next generation of protistan paleontologists. Molecular phylogeny has clarified relationships between large groups of prokaryotes and between some protists and other kingdoms, but these techniques have not been applied extensively enough to reveal information useful in the context of this book. So many of the more recent advances in general paleontology and evolutionary biology have great but unrealized potential in prokaryotic and protistan paleontology. Other entire fields are based solidly on unicellular fossils; for example, paleoceanography. While such topics are useful in a textbook on these fossils, in recent years they have grown so much that they too deserve and have textbooks and courses devoted exclusively to them. The specific goals, then, of Fossil Prokaryotes and Protists are: 1 to provide an understanding of the fossil record of unicellular organisms; 2 to provide an understanding of the important role these organisms have played in Earth and life history; 3 to provide an understanding of the usefulness of these fossils in solving certain geologic problems; 4 to include enough information about the biology, morphology, and relationships of prokaryote and protist fossils to enable students to enter the professional literature, to be conversant with specialists on each group, or to proceed to more advanced studies of these groups; 5 to provide a summary of the morphology, systematic paleontology, biology, and paleontology of unicellular fossils sufficiently detailed that advanced students can recognize and develop geologic or biologic research problems in their own programs that can be addressed using these fossils, given advice from their professors about topics amenable to study at their institutions. The book is organized into two parts—one dealing with general aspects of fossil unicellular organisms, and another describing each major group. Fossil prokaryotes first appear in the fossil record 3.5 billion years ago (Ga), and so they are close to the very origin of life on Earth. A single, brief chapter is included on the origin of life, constrained by reasonable geologic and biochemical evidence, in order to provide an understanding of how the first unicellular fossils themselves may have arisen. Another chapter deals with the problems peculiar to single-celled fossils, and a third covers their applications to geologic problems because protists play an essential role in modern geology. A brief evolutionary history of the prokaryotes and protists and their role in influencing Earth's history provides a summary in which to place succeeding chapters that deal with specific groups of organisms. The 11 major unicellular contributors to the fossil record are considered in detail in the second part, each written by practising experts. One or two groups that occur very sparsely in the fossil record, for example thecamoebians, are omitted. The chapters are organized similarly: an introduction, history of study, morphology and systematics, biology, paleobiology, biostratigraphy, and an evolutionary history of the group. The level of systematic treatment of each group varies depending on its diversity and complexity. All chapters include a short list of supplementary reading that can provide additional information for the students or instructor. The paleontology of unicellular organisms has grown so much in the past few decades that no individual can adequately deal with all groups. Well over 40000 technical papers have appeared on aspects of single-celled fossils in the last two decades alone. Multiauthored texts are now standard. This approach has the particular problem that chapters vary in treatment and style. Partly that cannot be avoided because each expert has made his or her own judgement about what material should be included within the objectives and outline for each chapter, and each has their own style. Even more important in this book, however, is that each group is quite variable in its complexity, its geologic or ecologic distribution, and in the knowledge accumulated about it. For example, foraminifera have been studied carefully for more than 150 years, have over 60000 described benthic and planktic species, have perhaps as many as 6000 workers in industrial and research institutions worldwide, range in age from Cambrian to Recent, and live in environments from fresh water to shallow water of all types, to the deep sea, and from polar to equatorial regions. Silicoflagellates, in contrast, have been intensively studied for less than 30 years, have a few hundred species at most, have a dozen or so workers worldwide, are wholly planktic in the surficial waters of the oceans, and range in age from the Cretaceous to the Recent. Naturally, foraminifera will be treated less inclusively than silicoflagellates, although more pages will be devoted to them. Such is the nature of paleontology.
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