radiolaria - Marum

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Bibliography - 1991 Radiolaria 14 Maastrichtian Madarayama Formation. Based on the stratigraphical features and radiolarian dating, the Takatoyasan Formation is presumed to be a product of the convergent complex of an oceanic plate in trench environment The structure and sedimentary facies of the Mikado and Madarayama Formations are comparable to those of the Cretaceous Shimanto Belt in Shikoku and Kii. Kiesling, W. & Zeiss, A. 1991/92. New palaeontolgical data from the Hochstegen Marble (Tauern window, eastern Alps). Geol. Pälont. Mitt. Innsbruck, 18, 187-202. Two new species and one new genus of Radiolaria are described from the greenschist-metamorphic Hochstegen Marble of the Tauern Window. Despite of strong shearing deformation the microstructure is sufficiently preserved for species determination, due to early diagenetic pyritization of the siliceous skeletons. The new radiolarians belong to a Kimmeridgian to Lower Tithonian assemblage. They are part of a highly diverse fauna of radiolarians and sponge spicules recovered from the HCI-insoluble residue of the Hochstegen Marble. The famous 'ammonite from the street wall' could firstly be determined on a species level as Orthosphinctes (Lithacosphinctes) siemiradzkii n.nom. [pro 'O. (L.) evolutus QUENSTEDT]. The ammonite is proof of Uppermost Oxfordian age for the dolomite quarry near Mayrhofen. The taxonomical and nomenclatorical problems of the O .(L.) siemiradzkii as well as that of the related species O. (O.) polygyratus and O. (O.) tiziani are explained in detail. Kito, N. & Chitoku, T. 1991. Geologic age of the mosasaurian fossil from Hobetsu-cho, Hokkaido, Japan. Sci. Rep. Hobetsu Mus., Hokkaido, 7, 9-14. (in Japanese) Kojima, S., Wakita, K., Okamura, Y., Natal'in, B.A., Zyabrev, S.V., Qing, L.Z. & Ji, A.S. 1991. Mesozoic radiolarians from the Khabarovsk Complex, eastern USSR; their significance in relation to the Mino Terrane, central Japan. J. geol. Soc. Japan, 97/7, 549-551. In the course of the geotectonic studies on "geosynclines" in Northeast Asia, Japanese geologists (e.g, Kobayashi, 1984; Noda, 1956) have focused their interests on the complicated sedimentary formations in the Sikhote-Alin region in relation to the Japanese "Paleozoic" stratigraphy. Especially, Noda (1956) introduced the occurrence of Radiolaria bearing siliceous formations near Khabarovsk, although he regarded the rocks as the Permian. After that, Russian paleontologists and biostratigraphers have reported Mesozoic radiolarians from the Sikhote-Alin Range, including the Khabarovsk area (e.g, Zhamoida, 1972; Tikhomirova, 1986); most of their works, however, were based on observations under the optical microscope. In this article, we describe the occurrence of Triassic and Jurassic radiolarians from the Khabarovsk complex, eastern USSR (stipple pattern in the inset map of Fig. 1), and discuss paleontological, stratigraphical and structural similarities between the Khabarovsk complex and the Mino terrane in central Japan. Kozur, H. 1991. The evolution of the Meliata-Hallstatt ocean and its significance for the early evolution of the Eastern Alps and Western Carpathians. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 87/1-4, 109-135. The evolution of the Meliata-Hallstatt ocean and of its southern and northern margin in the Inner Western Carpathians are described. The main rifting began during the Pelsonian and the sea-floor spreading ended at the beginning of the Middle Carnian contemporaneously with the Raibl event. The subduction began in the latest Triassic and the final closing of the ocean, accompanied by uplift of the adjacent marginal areas, was dated as basal Oxfordian. Remnants of the oceanic-suboceanic sequence occur in two tectonic positions: (I) Obducted nappes that contain, mostly as tectonic melanges, the whole Middle Triassic to Middle Jurassic sequence, including large bodies of dismembered ophiolites of Ladinian to Early Carnian age. (2) Evaporite melanges at the base of nappes that are derived from the northern margin of the ocean. These evaporite melanges consist of Late Permian evaporitic matrix and blocks of a dismembered Ladinian to Lower Carnian ophiolitic sequence. In the Inner Western Carpathians both the northern and southern marginal sequences of the Meliata-Hallstatt ocean and the transitions into the carbonate platforms are present in different nappes. The southern marginal development is characterized by Middle Carnian distal clastic Raibl Beds and by Middle Jurassic rhyolithic volcanism, both missing in the northern marginal development. Because the subduction-related Middle Jurassic volcanism (contemporaneous with the turbidites in the southern - 66 - Meliaticum) is restricted to the marginal area south of the Meliata- Hallstatt ocean, southward-directed subduction is indicated. To the south, on the adjacent carbonate platform, a Jurassic basin with Aalenian to Bajocian ophiolites opened. This may be a back-arc basin. In the Eastern Alps only the northern marginal zone and the adjacent carbonate platform are preserved, but parts of the dismembered ophiolites in the Haselgebirge may be of Ladinian to Late Carnian age like in evaporitic melanges in the same tectonic position in the Inner Western Carpathians. The final closing of the Meliata-Hallstatt ocean is indicated by the abrupt end of the turbiditic sedimentation in the oceanic suboceanic domain and by uplift in the marginal areas, where Lower Oxfordian radiolarites are overlain by shallow-water Upper Oxfordian to Tithonian or Neocomian limestones (Silica Nappe, Hallstatt Nappes). With the evidence of the final closing of the Meliata- Hallstatt ocean near the Middle/Late Jurassic boundary, the Cimmerian orogenesis (in the genetic sense of Sengor, 1984, 1985) is now also proven in the Inner Western Carpathians and in the Eastern Alps. A continuation of the Meliata-Hallstatt ocean into the Pontide "Paleotethys" (=Cimmerian ocean sensu Kozur, 1990) through the Transylvanian oceanic domain and the Strandzha Unit is assumed. A connection with the Vardar ocean is impossible, because in the Vardar Zone no Triassic ophiolites or basic volcanics are present and the ophiolites have Jurassic age. Kozur, H. & Mostler, H. 1991. Erster paläontologischer nachweis von meliaticum und südrudabányaicum in den nördlichen kalkalpen (Östereich) und ihre beziehungen zu den abfolgen in den westkarpaten. Geol. Pälont. Mitt. Innsbruck, 18, 87-129. For the first time, a sedimentary sequence of the Meliaticum has been paleontologically dated by conodonts and radiolarians in the Northem Calcareous Alps . Middle Triassic red radiolarites, silicified pelagic red limestones ( ' chert ' ) and subordinately pelagic limestones occur as olistoliths in a Middle Jurassic sequence of partly graded shales and siltstones, some sandstones and numerous olistoliths. This sedimentary Meliaticum that has been found at the Florianikogel and in the Edenhof window, is part of a nappe named as Florianikogel Nappe. In the Edenhof multiple window, serpentinit is present subordinately. At the Florianikogel light-coloured, crystalline limestones of the pre-(oceanic) rift stage are present that can be also found in marginal suboceanic parts of the Meliaticum in the Westem Carpathians. Tectonically dismembered ophiolites of the Meliaticum are present in a narrow E-W to ENE-WSW striking zone running from Unter-Hoflein in the east across Pfennigbach, western Mariazell-Puchberg line to Grundlsee in the west. These ophiolites occur mostly in salinar melanges. They indicate seemingly the suture zone of the Meliata-Hallstatt ocean. This zone is narrow and no segments of this zone are displaced distinctly in N-S direction. Therefore a large-scale nappe transport of upper parts of the original suture of the Meliata-Hallstatt ocean from the area near to the Alpin-Dinaric Line is not probably. The tectonic consequences for the nappe structure of the Eastem Alps are discussed. Unmetamorphic South-Rudabanyaicum was found near the southem margin of the Northem Calcareous Alps . These units were originally situated south of the Meliata-Hallstatt ocean. The Geyerstein Nappe is introduced for this sequence. Additionally, low-grade metamorphic remnants of South-Rudabanyaicum are present in the Edenhof multiple window. The upper part of the Lower Anisian and the Lower Pelsonian are pelagic and in the Pelsonian reworked basic volcancis can be found beside numerous reworked limestones. These basic volcancis indicate a transitional position of this South- Rudabanyaicum to the Meliaticum. Kurimoto, C. & Kuwahara, K. 1991. Radiolarians from the Ojigahata area of Shiga Prefecture, southwestern part of the Mino Terrane. Bull. geol. Surv. Japan, 42/2, 63-73. (in Japanese) Strata of the Mino Terrane which are distributed in the study area are called the Ojigahata Formation. The Ojigahata Formation consists mainly of chert associated with mudstone and sandstone, and belongs to the sandstone-chert facies of the Mino Terrane. Chert and mudstone of the Ojigahata Formation were collected to extract microfossils. As a result, radiolarians available for agedetermination were obtained from 12 samples. Radiolarian assemblages from chert are correlated with those of Middle Triassic, Late Triassic and Early Jurassic ages. On the other hand, radiolarian assemblages from mudstone are correlated with those of middle Middle Jurassic and late Middle to early Late Jurassic ages. Judging from the above-mentioned data, the Ojigahata Formation represents a coarsening-upward sequence which consists of Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic chert, Middle Jurassic mudstone and Middle to Late Jurassic interbedded sandstone and mudstone.
Radiolaria 14 Bibliography - 1991 Kuwahara, K., Nakae, S. & Yao, A. 1991. Late Permian "Toishi-type" siliceous mudstone in the Mino- Tamba Belt. J. geol. Soc. Japan, 97/12, 1005-1008. (in Japanese) Lackschewitz, K.S., Grützmacher, U. & Henrich, R. 1991. Paleoceanography and Rotational Block Faultinf in the Jurassic Carbonate Series of the Chiemgau Alps (Bavaria). Facies, 24, 1-24. The Jurassic carbonate series of the Lechtal and Allgau Nappes in the central part of the Northern Calcareous Alps reflect formation of orogen-parallel structures with swells and basins. Regional facies patterns display the morphologies of the various depositional environments. During the Middle Jurassic, an elongated swell evolved parallel to the overall structural strike in the central part of Lechtal Nappe, while in the southern part a basin started to subside. This configuration reflects the initial stage of rotational block faulting on the southern continental margin of the Tethys. Similar structural and facies settings were also established in the northern part of the Lechtal Nappe and in the southern Allgau Nappe. Synsedimentary tectonics induced a variety of downslope sediment mass movements and increased facies differentiation on the slopes. In the upper section of the middle Jurassic sequences red nodular limestones with frequent intercalations of intraformational breccias and conglomerates indicate downslope sediment movements. During the Oxfordian, the Tethyan-wide deposition of radiolarites also covered the basin in the southern Lechtal Nappe. Contemporaneous deposition of pelagic radiolarian bearing limestones dominated on the slope of the surrounding northern swell, while its peak was covered by a shallow water carbonate facies, e.g. a specific pseudopeloid and oolithic facies, which was also injected downslope into the pelagic facies. The Oxfordian to Tithonian section reveals a characteristic pelagic carbonate facies succession, e.g. with Protoglobigerina facies at the base, followed by a Saccocoma facies and a calpionellids facies on top. In the northern Lechtal Nappe and in the Allgau Nappe various similar radiolarite basins with intersected swells were discovered. Leynaert, A., Treguer, P., Queguiner, B. & Morvan, J. 1991. The distribution of biogenic silica and the composition of particulate organic matter in the Weddell- Scotia Sea during spring 1988. Marine Chem., 35, 435-447. During EPOS 2 (European Polarstern Study, leg 2, 26 November 1988-5 January 1989 the distribution of biogenic silica (BSi) was determined from the surface to 600 m along two transects (49 o W and 47 o W) spanning the Scotia Sea; the Weddell-Scotia Confluence (WSC) and the marginal ice zone (MIZ) of the Weddell Sea. Parliculate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nilrogen (PON) and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined in parallel in surface ( 10 m ) samples. In the 0-100 m layer, the distribution of particulate biogenic silica (BSi) showed little correlation with the meltwater field in late November. High BSi concentrations were measured at the end of November in the Weddell-Scotia Confluence ( maximum 4.8 µmol l - 1 ), and early in January in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current ( maximum at 8.2 µmol l -1 ) where the wind-mixed layer was only 35 m, creating favourable conditions for phytoplankton growth. However, maximum and mean biogenic silica values remained fairly low as compared with those reported for the Ross Sea. This relatively low silica content of the 0-100 m layer appears to be mainly due to intense grazing which resulted in rapid exportation of particulate material towards the deeper layers. The mean POC/PON molar ratio was 5.5, i.e. significantly lower than the usual Redfield ratio. BSi/POC molar ratios ranged from 0.01 to 0.61, the highest values being found in the Scotia Sea, where siliceous phytoplankton was dominant. The high BSi/POC ratios confirm that diatoms in Antarctic Ocean are able to incorporate unusually high amounts of Si relative to carbon, as compared with other ecosystems. Li, Y.X. & Wang, Y.J. 1991. Upper Devonian (Frasnian) radiolarian fauna from the Liukiang Formation, eastern and southeastern Guangxi. Acta micropalaeont. sinica, 8/4, 395-404. (in Chinese) The siliceous rocks of the Upper Devonian Liukiang Formation are widely distributed, in eastern and southeastern Guangxi. Abundant fossil radiolarians and tentaculitids are found in these rocks, with 4 genera and 14 species including 1 new genus and 2 new species of the radiolarians described in this paper. - 67 - The tentaculitid faunas are dominated by the genera Homoctenus, Costulatostyliolina and Styliolina, with Styliolina philippovae and S. domanicensis regarded as important members of the Upper Devonian Frasnian Stage in the Russian Platform and Germany. The radiolarian faunas are characterized by a great number of species and individuals of the genus Entactinosphaera such as Entactinosphaera assidera, E. egindyensis, E. aitpaiensis, E. vetusta, together with Entactinia dissora and Palaeoscenidium cladophorum, which were already discovered in the Frasnian Egindinsk Formation of the South Urals (Nazarov, 1975) and Australia (Hinde, 1899; Nazarov et al., 1982; Nazarov & Ormiston, 1983), indicating that the age of the Liukiang Formation is Late Devonian (Frasnian). Ling, H.Y. 1991a. Tripylean radiolarians from the Subantarctic Atlantic. In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. (Ciesielski, P.F., Kristoffersen, Y. et al., Eds.), vol. 114. College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), pp. 311-315. The occurrence of tripylean radiolarians is reported for the first time from subsurface sediments of the subantarctic Atlantic Ocean. Although their occurrence is rare as well as sporadic, seven species belonging to four genera are recognized from Upper Cenozoic sediments drilled at Sites 699, 700, and 701 of ODP Leg 114 in 1987. Ling, H.Y. 1991b. Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) radiolarians: Leg 114. In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. (Ciesielski, P.F., Kristoffersen, Y. et al., Eds.), vol. 114. College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), pp. 317-324. Cretaceous radiolarians were recovered from subantarctic Atlantic calcareous submarine deposits from two of the seven sites drilled during ODP Leg 114 in 1987. Fairly well-preserved radiolarian assemblages were found in Hole 698A samples from the Northeast Georgia Rise, whereas assemblages with fair to good preservation were observed from Hole 700B in the East Georgia Basin. The assemblage compositions from both sites are rather low in diversity and are characterized by the dominance of Protoamphipyndax, Dictyomitra, and Stichomitra species, but lack zonal markers recognized from the midlatitude to low-latitude region. Assignment of a Maestrichtian age is based on co-occurring calcareous microfossils. This report constitutes the second such occurrence from the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic Ocean subsequent to the analysis of ODP Leg 113 materials from the Weddell Sea. Ling, H.Y., Hall, R. & Nichols, G.J. 1991. Early Eocene Radiolaria from Waigeo Island, Eastern Indonesia. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sc., 6/3-4, 299-305. The recovery of well-preserved Early Eocene radiolarian assemblages confirms the presence of Paleogene marine sediments in Waigeo Island. Eastern Indonesia. Marchant, H.J. & Wright, S.W. 1991. Species composition distribution and abundance of Antarctic marine protists. Austral. antarct. Res. Programm, 140-143. Marcucci, M et al. 1991. Interrad VI, Sixth Meeting of the International Association of Radiolarian Paleontologists; abstracts book. , Florence, Italy. 126 p. Marcucci, M. & Passerini, P. 1991. Radiolarianbearing siliceous sediments in the Mesozoic of the northern and central Apennines. Ofioliti, 16/2, 121-126. Radiolarian-bearing siliceous deposits are a common occurrence in the Mesozoic successions of the Northern and Central Apennines. These deposits belong to the following stratigraphic units: 1) Monte Alpe Cherts. Early Callovian to Late Tithonian or Early Berriasian. 2) Tuscan Cherts. Latest Bajocian(?)-Early Bathonian to Late Tithonian or Early Berriasian. 3) "Calcari Diasprigni". Late Bajocian(?)-Bathonian to Tithonian. 4) Fucoid Marls (Umbrian succession). Aptian-Albian. 5) Carbonate-shaly-siliceous complex of Monti della Meta. Albian 6) Bonarelli Horizon (Umbrian succession) Late Cenomanian to (?)Early Turonian. 7) "Scisti Policromi" (Tuscan succession). Cenomanian-Turonian interval. 8) Fosso Cupo Formation Turonian to Santonian. Marcucci-Passerini, M., Bettini, P., Dainelli, J. & Sirugo, A. 1991. The "Bonarelli Horizon" in the central Apennines (Italy): radiolarian biostratigraphy. Cretaceous Res., 12/3, 321-331.
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