radiolaria - Marum

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Bibliography - 1991 Radiolaria 14 Dosztály, L. 1991. Triassic radiolarians from the Balaton upland. M. All. Földtani Intézet évi jelentése, 333-355. (in Hungarian) The Triassic formations in the Balaton Upland contain radiolarians in several areas and beds (Fig. 1). The richest faunas are dated as Late Anisian, Ladinian or Early Carnian. In the area concerned a large amount of volcanic material was introduced into the sea during the Middle Triassic. This caused the dissolved silica content of sea water to have increased offering favourable conditions for the propagation of radiolarians. The favourable living conditions resulted, from time to time, in a sudden increase in the number of radiolarian taxa. Normally, a two-third of the species was changed during the span of time represented by a substage. In the region the sedimentation took place in a relatively shallow (not deeper than 200 metres) environment. Radiolarian-bearing deposits had largely been mingled with relatively large amounts of carbonate and volcanic materials. This is the main influencing factor of having found in general, only a few beds in which rich and well-preserved fauna can be encountered. The second reason is represented by dispersal silica that has prevented radiolarians from being dissolved out from the rocks. For each locality, a detailed description will be given only for the beds containing the richest fauna. New taxa: Pterospongus aquila n. sp.; Baumgartneria dumitricae n. sp.; Muelleritortis hungarica n. ssp. Muelleritortis nobilis n. sp.; Annulosaturnalis trispinosus n. gen. n. sp. Dumitrica, P. 1991a. Cenozoic Pyloniacea (Radiolaria) with a five-gated microsphere. Rev. Micropaléont., 34/1, 35- 56. A new type of microsphere, characterized by the presence of five gates and derived from hypothetical prism is described. It is considered as representing the fifth fundamental type of pyloniacean microsphere. Three variants of such a microsphere characterizing three genera, are illustrated and described in detail, and their structural unity is emphasized. Two new genera (Pentapylonium and Trimanicula) and three new species (Pentapylonium implicatum ,Trimanicula centrospina and T. penultima) are described. The mode of growth of their skeleton, which is of pyloniacean type, is analysed in detail. Dumitrica, P. 1991b. Middle Triassic Tripedurnulidae, n. fam. (Radiolaria) from the eastern Carpathians (Romania) and Vicentinian Alps (Italy). Rev. Micropaléont., 34/4, 261- 278. The new family Tripedurnulidae. with 4 genera (of which 3 are new) and 14 species (of which 13 are new), is described from Pelsonian limestones of the Eastern Carpathians (Romania) and upper Illyrian-Fassanian limestones of the Vicentinian Alps (Italy) and Eastern Carpathians (Romania). Terminology and orientation of nassellarian initial skeleton are discussed, and revised terminology is proposed. Dumitrica, P. & De Wever, P. 1991. Assignation to radiolaria of two Upper Jurassic species previously described as Foraminifera: systematic consequences. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), Sér. II, 312, 553-558. Two species described in 1867 by Karrer as foraminifera (Lagena dianae Karrer and Orbulina neojurensis Karrer) from the Oxfordian cherty limestones near Vienna (Austria) are in all probability Radiolaria. This fact has both systematical and historical consequences: (a) Lagena dianae becomes a senior synonym of Mirifusus mediodilatatus (Rüst), a common and characteristic species of the Upper Jurassic, and has priority over this name and over all the other synonyms of this species, (b) F. Karrer and not Zittel should be considered as the first who described pre-Tertiary radiolarians. El Kadiri, K. 1991. La Dorsale Calcaire (Rif interne, Maroc): stratigraphie, sédimentologie et évolution géodynamique d'une marge alpine durant le Mésozoïque. Mise en évidence d'un modèle. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Tétouan, 355 p. (unpublished) Elbrächter, M. 1991. Faeces production by dinoflagellates and other small flagellates. Marine Microbial Food Webs, 5/2, 189-204. Faecal production by protists and particularly by flagellates has been more or less neglected so far in ecosystem research. Faeces production is documented here for photosynthetic and obligate heterotrophic dinoflagellates and radiolarians. Food uptake is also known from other phototrophic and heterotrophic small flagellates which are quite abundant in aquatic environments. Potential faeces - 62 - production of these flagellates are calculated. The role these particles may play in the environment is discussed. Faure, M., Iwasaki, M., Ichikawa, K. & Yao, A. 1991. The significance of Upper Jurassic radiolarians in high pressure metamorphic rocks of SW Japan. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sc., 6/2, 131-136. Upper Jurassic radiolarian remains have been discovered for the first time in pelitic rocks from the domain affected by Sanbagawa metamorphism, in Eastern Shikoku. As pod similar lithological successions and structures are observed from E. Kyushu to the Kanto Mountains, over a 800 km length, the age determination from Eastern Shikoku is significant for the whole belt. Firstly the available biostratigraphic data for the metamorphic domain are reviewed and the depositional age of the upper part of the metamorphic domain is determined. Secondly, stratigraphic evidence is added to the structural evidence for the thrusting of a middle Jurassic nappe (the Superficial nappe) upon the metamorphic domain. Fourcade, E., Dercourt, J., Gunay, Y., Azema, J., Kozlu, H., Bellier, J.P., Cordey, F., Cros, P., De Wever, P., Enay, R., Hernandez, J., Lauer, J.P. & Vrielynck, B. 1991. Stratigraphie et paléogéographie de la marge septentrionale de la plate-forme arabe au Mésozoique (Turquie du Sud-Est). Bull. Soc. géol. France, 162/1, 27-41. In southeastern Turkey, the distal margin of the Arabian platform is overthrust by the Hezan allochthonous units consisting of Liassic sediments of inner carbonate platform origin and of thin Bathonian to Maastrichtian deep-water deposits. The pelagic sequence is interrupted by numerous hiatuses and punctuated by intercalated turbidites. These stable margin units are overthrust by ophiolites. Triassic tholeiitic pillow lavas of MORB type discovered for the first time in southeastern Turkey, and by Triassic to Hauterivian radiolarites belonging to the Koçali Unit. These radiolarites are derived from a Mesozoic through bordered to the south by the Arabian platform. The Koçali Unit documents the longevity of radiolarite deposition in this art of the Tethys. Garrison, D.L. 1991. An overview of the abundance and role of protozooplankton in Antarctic waters. J. Marine Syst., 2, 317-331. The classic view of the Antarctic pelagic system has suggested that food web dynamics are dominated by the diatom-krill food web link. Recent observations, however, have indicated that this is an oversimplification and that the antarctic food web has a complexity similar to that found in lower latitude systems. More specifically, small particulate feeding protozoans appear to have a much greater importance than was previously assumed. Only a few studies have been sufficiently extensive to characterize the Antarctic pelagic protozoan assemblage. These indicate that heterotrophic flagellates (dinoflagellates and other heterotrophic nannoplankton and ciliates (mostly non-loricate oligotrichs) dominate the protozooplankton assemblages in surface waters. The combined biomass of protozooplankton has been reported to comprise from c 7 to > 75% of the total nanno- and microplankton biomass depending on season and location. Protozoans are also found in sea ice communities where their abundances exceed those typically found in the plankton. Several prolozoan species DCCUpy bolh ice and water habitals, suggesting Ihal seasonally melling sea ice may be Ihe source of ice-edge prolozooplankton assemblages. The feeding rates of protozooplankton in Antarctic waters are poorly documented. Consumption estimates on clearance rates and some preliminary grazing experiments, however, indicate that the protozooplankton should be capable of utilizing a significant proportion of the daily primary and bacterioplankton production. Protozoans may contribute to vertical flux, but present evidence suggests that their contribution will be lower than from other sources. Garrison, D.L., Buck, K.R. & Gowing, M.M. 1991. Plankton assemblage in the ice edge zone of the Weddell Sea during the austral winter. J. Marine Syst., 2, 123-130. Plankton studies in Antarctic waters have emphasized the importance of diatoms. The species composition, abundances and contribution to biomass of the other planktonic groups are still poorly documented. This is particularly true for the heterotrophic members of the nano- and microplankton assemblage. As part of the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem Research in the Ice age Zone (AMERIEZ) program, we sampled nano- and microplankton across the ice edge zone during the austral winter. A variety of microscopical techniques
Radiolaria 14 Bibliography - 1991 allowed us to the composition, trophic mode and biomass of the spectrum of organisms that make up the winter plankton assemblage. Total nano- and microplankton biomass in the upper 100 meters of the water column ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 gC m -2 . The biomass composition of plankton assemblages among the stations was relatively uniform throughout the ice edge zone; however, the autotrophic flagellates and dinoflagellates showed significantly higher biomass at the ice edge or in open water relative to ice covered stations. The heterotrophic biomass (protozooplankton) exceeded the biomass of phytoplankton at most stations. Among the autotrophic forms, dinoflagellates made up 38% of the biomass, followed by other autotrophic flagellates (35%) and diatoms (27%). The phytoplankton biomass was dominated by nanoplankton ( 20 µm dominated the phytoplankton and standing stocks of Protozoa were lower, A. tonsa obtained 2.3% of its daily carbon intake from protozoan prey. In the subarctic North Pacific in June, where low phytoplankton standing stocks are dominated by cells < 5 µm, N. phlumchrus CV obtained 11 - 18% of daily nutritional requirements from ciliate and dinoflagellate Protozoa > 5 µm and was capable of clearing 11-16% per day of the standing stock of Protozoa. In other protozoal taxa, which were present but not included directly in our experiments, are considered, N. plumchrus CV obtains potentially 28-59% of its daily metabolic requirements from ingestion of protozoan prey. Gorka, H. 1991. Les radiolaires du Turonien inférieur du sondage de Leba IG 1 (Pologne). Cah. Micropal., 6/1, 39-45. Lower Turonian Radiolarians (Polycystina) from the bore Leba IG I (Poland, baltic region) are abundant and well preserved. Nine species amongst spumellarians and six amongst nassellarians are described. Goto, H. & Ishiga, H. 1991. Study of late Ordovician radiolarians from the Lachlan Fold Belt, Southeastern Australia. Geol. Rep. Shimane Univ., 10, 57-62. (in Japanese) Gowing, M.M. & Garrison, D.L. 1991. Austral winter distributions of large tintinnid and large sarcodinid protozooplankton in the ice-edge zone of the Weddell/Sottia seas. J. Marine Syst., 2, 131-141. Seasonal distribution and abundance data for large sarcodinid protozooplankton (Radiolaria, Foraminifera, Acantharia and the heliozoan Sticholonche spp.) and larger tintinnid ciliates (e.g., Laackmaniella spp.) are necessary for evaluating their roles in food webs and particle fluxes. As part of the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem Research in the Ice Edge Zone (AMERIEZ) project, we sampled these large ( ≥ 50 µm) protozooplankton in the winter ice edge zone of the Scotia/Weddell Seas. Organisms alive at the time of capture were counted in large volume (60 l) water samples from 5 paired depths - 63 - in the upper 2lO m from 17 stations. Relationships between abundances and environmental factors in ice-covered, ice edge, and open waters were assessed with correlation, cluster, and multidimensional scaling analyses. Mean abundances of large tintinnids were less than 3150 per m 3 , and mean abundances of the individual sarcodine groups were generally less than 1000 per m 3 . The most pronounced distributional patterns were related to depth. In general, large tintinnids were more abundant in the colder waters from 0-85 m, a zone encompassed by the mixed layer and the euphotic zone. Acantharians were more abundant in this upper zone only in icecovered waters. Radiolaria (predominantly phaeodarians), and the heliozoan Slicholonche spp. were more abundant from 115 to 210 m, a zone of warmer, more saline water. Foraminiferan distributions showed little pattern with depth. Results of the cluster analyses also suggested that depth was the most significant effect determining similarity among assemblages of large protozooplankton at the 17 stations. The few correlations between abundances of the groups and chlorophyll a probably reflect relationships more complex than grazing. Abundances of large tintinnids were higher in surface waters under the ice than at the ice edge or in open water. This could result from their feeding on algal cells released from the base of the ice or it may be a result of higher populations in the outflow of Weddell Sea water. There were no consistent abundance patterns among large sarcodines that could be related to ice cover. It is suggested that the combination of low winter productivity, a dynamic environment, and slower growth rates of these large protozoans may prevent them from responding to local enhanced production with increased abundances in the winter ice edge zone. Furthermore, although there is enhanced productivity at the ice edge. this signal may not reach the protozooplankton groups most abundant in the water layer below the euphotic zone. Guex, J. 1991. Biochronological Correlations. , Springer- Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg/New York. , 250 p. The object of this book is to explain how to create a synthesis of complex biostratigraphic data, and how to extract from such a synthesis a relative time scale based exclusively on the fossil content of sedimentary rocks. Such a time scale can be used to attribute relative ages to isolated fossil-bearing samples. From a practical point of view, the method described in this book will particularly interest paleontologists and geologists who must construct zonations and establish correlations on the basis of biostratigraphic data that are both plentiful and apparently contradictory. It is well known that the difficulties involved in constructing biochronologic scales are largely due to the discontinuous nature of the fossil record. We know that the relationships between the first appearances (or disappearances) of different fossil species are rarely constant in stratigraphic sections that are distant from each other. It if often extremely difficult to discover datums or sets of species that are useful in making significant biochronologic correlations on a large scale. The theoretical model explained here (known as the Unitary Association Method) provides clear solutions to most of these problems. That method is purely deterministic, as opposed to statistical and probabilistic analytical techniques producing "average" ranges. We demonstrate in Chapter 15 why most of these techniques produce results which are usually not compatible with the original biostratigraphic observations (i.e., the taxonomic contents of the studied samples are not reproduced in the outputs). The syntheses used here are in the form of a referential (i.e., a system of chronologic reference); the chronologically significant subdivisions of these referentials correspond roughly to the Concurrent Range Zones and to the Oppel Zones of classical stratigraphy. These zones are seen here as discrete (i.e., noncontiguous) units, isolated from each other by separation intervals. The operations required to construct such zonations are elementary but not always simple. We will begin by analyzing the fundamental properties of biochronologic referentials. This will enable us to assess the validity of stratigraphic correlations based on complex paleontological data. It will also help the reader master the mathematics and algorithms that are indispensable for making sense of the contradictory stratigraphic relationships so often observed among species in different locations. The ideas presented here were developed in a series of preliminary notes published between 1977 and 1984. To avoid excessive self-citations, we will mention in the text principally the ideas that are due to other authors. Two different computer programs making it possible to analyze certain complex biostratigraphic data are used a number of time in the present book. The oldest ones were written by Davaud and
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