radiolaria - Marum

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Bibliography - 1991 Radiolaria 14 During the EPOS leg 2 cruise (European Polarstern Study, November 1988-January 1989), the production rate of biogenic silica in the euphotic zone was measured by the 30 Si method at stations in the Scotia and Weddell Seas. The highest integrated production rates were observed in the Scotia Sea (range: 11.2-20.6 mmol Si m -2 day -1 ) . the marginal ice zone of the Weddell Sea exhibiting somewhat lower values ( range: 6.0- 20.0 mmol Si m -2 day -1 ). Our results demonstrate that as far as biogenic silica production is concerned the marginal ice zone of the Weddell Sea is considerably less productive than that of the Ross Sea. Our results also indicate that the water of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) could be more productive in late spring and early summer than at the beginning of spring. Possible reasons for the differences among the three subsystems (Ross Sea, Weddell Sea and ACC) are discussed. Pujana, I. 1991. Pantanelliidae (Radiolaria) from the Tithonian of the Vaca Muerta Formation, Neuquén, Argentina. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont., Abh., 180/3, 391-408. Radiolaria from limestones and mudstones of the Vaca Muerta Formation of Neuquen (Argentina) correlative with the Windhauseniceras internispinosum Zone of late Middle Tithonian age represent the first systematic documentation of Late Jurassic Radiolaria from the Andes. The representatives of the Pantanelliidae are discussed in detail and include two new species. Reid, P.C., Turley, C.M. & Burkill, P.H. 1991. Protozooa and their role in marine processes. NATO ASI Conference Series, Series IV Marine Sciences, Springer- Verlag G25, 506 p. Roeser, H.A. 1991. Age of the crust of the southeast Sulu Sea basin based on magnetic anomalies and age determined at Site 768. In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. (Silver, E.A., Rangin, C., Von Breymann, M.T. et al., Eds.), vol. 124. College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), pp. 339-343. Magnetic measurements from marine and airborne geophysical surveys show east-northeast-striking lineated anomalies in the southeast Sulu Sea Basin. A seafloor spreading model was developed that indicates an age of 15 Ma for the oceanic crust at Ocean Drilling Program Site 768. Radiolarian ages near the base of the sedimentary sequence at Site 768 give an approximate age of 17 Ma. The age discrepancy might be due to the inaccuracies inherent in both methods and to sediment transportation by turbidites. According to the magnetics model, it is likely that the Sulu Sea Basin started to open at 30-35 Ma (early Oligocene) with 0.6 cm/yr half-spreading rate. Spreading continued until at least 10 Ma (early upper Miocene). Most of the oceanic crust is already subducted. Sashida, K. 1991. Early Triassic radiolarians from the Ogamata Formation, Kanto Mountains, central Japan; Part 2. Trans. Proc. palaeont. Soc. Japan, n. Ser., 161, 681-696. Chert beds of the Ogamata Formation exposed in the upper reaches of the Nakatsugawa River, Kanto Mountains, yield abundant Early Triassic radiolarians. A part of this radiolarian fauna including the spicular type Palaeoscenidiidae was already described by the present author. As an addition to the study of this fauna, several newly discriminated Spumellaria and Nasellaria are described in this paper. The families Palaeoscenidiidae with a latticed shell, Pantanellidae, and Sponguriidae are included in the Spumellarians. The families Eptingiidae having a spumellarian-like affinity and Acanthodesmiidae are classified as Nassellaria in this study. Five new species, Archaeothamnulus okuchichibuensis, Parentactinia virgata, Pactarentinia koikei, Pantanellium ? virgeum, and Spongostephanidium longispinosum, are proposed herein. Sashida, K. & Tonishi, K. 1991. An Upper Permian coiled radiolarian from Itsukaichi, central Japan. Micropaleontology, 37/1, 86-94. Well-preserved and abundant radiolarians having a coiled internal skeleton were recovered from an Upper Permian chert block embedded in the Unazawa Formation located in Kashiwara, Itsukaichi Town, Tokyo Prefecture, central Japan. This unusual species of Radiolaria is characterized by its more complicated streptospiral shell compared with those species of Radiolaria with simple spirals along one coiling axis. In the present study, the authors propose the new Family Grandetorturiidae in the Suborder Spumellaria Ehrenberg and describe one new genus and species, Grandetortura nipponica Sashida and Tonishi. - 70 - Sashida, K. & Yatsugi, M. 1991. Note on the middle Chichubu Belt of the Kanto Mountains, central Japan. Annu. Rep. Inst. Geosci., Univ. Tsukuba, 17, 56-62. During the course of our study in the Middle Chichibu Belt, Kanto Mountains, we discriminated abundant and well-preserved Early Jurassic radiolarians from the argillaceous rock facies of the Kawai and Raidenyama Formations. In this paper, we describe the occurrence of the Early Jurassic radiolarians from the above mentioned two formations and briefly summarize the geology of the Middle Chichibu Belt of the Kanto Mountains by collating the present results with previously reported facts. Paleontological works will be presented in another paper. Savary, J. & Guex, J. 1991. BioGraph: un nouveau programme de construction des corrélations biochronologiques basées sur les associations unitaires. Bull. Soc. vaud. Sc. nat., 80/3, 317-340. A new program for constructing Unitary Associations (U.A.) and biochronologic correlations is described here. This program, named BIOGRAPH, is based on recent developments on the U.A. method. It is designed to establish discrete biochronologic relative time scales calculated on any IBM PC or compatible microcomputer in very short time. Scherer, R.P. 1991a. Radiolarians of the Celebes Sea, Leg 124, Sites 767 and 770. In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. (Silver, E.A., Rangin, C., Von Breymann, M.T. et al., Eds.), vol. 124. College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), pp. 345-357. Two sites were drilled in the Celebes Sea as part of Ocean Drilling Program Leg 124; Site 767 and Site 770. Radiolarians are preserved in Paleogene pelagic claystones with minor occurrences in certain Neogene successions. The brown clays that immediately overlie basalt at both sites contain radiolarians of the late middle Eocene Podocyrtis chalara Zone. Late Eocene radiolarians are not found, due to dissolution and probable hiatus. The Oligocene is represented by the Theocyrtis tuberosa and Dorcadospyris ateuchus Zones. Oligocene sediments are strongly dominated by abundant and diverse radiolarians of the Tristylospyris/Dorcadospyris lineage. Preservation of Paleogene radiolarian assemblages ranges from good to very poor. Late Miocene radiolarians of the Didymocyrtis antepenultima Zone are found only in Site 770. Other Neogene sediments are barren of radiolarian remains, with the exception of latest Pleistocene and Holocene sediments. Scherer, R.P. 1991b. Miocene radiolarians of the Sulu Sea, Leg 124. In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. (Silver, E.A., Rangin, C., Von Breymann, M.T. et al., Eds.), vol. 124. College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), pp. 359-368. Radiolarians are sporadic in sediments collected in the Sulu Sea during ODP Leg 124. Due to the generally poor preservation and low abundance of radiolarians in Sulu Sea sediments, no biostratigraphic datums are well defined, although three radiolarian zones are identified. Most samples containing radiolarians are pelagic or hemipelagic clays with varying proportions of volcanic ash. Detailed analysis of Sulu Sea radiolarians was limited to Miocene successions. Pliocene and Quaternary occurrences of radiolarians were noted but have not been zoned. The late middle Miocene of Sites 769 and 771 is represented by an assemblage of radiolarians (Diartus petterssoni Zone) that is entirely replaced by massive pyrite. This type of preservation develops only under anoxic conditions. The development of widespread anoxia in Sulu Sea waters in the late middle Miocene was probably the result of hydrologic isolation of basin waters, and may be associated with eustatic sea level fall over the silled basin. Upper lower Miocene pelagic and hemipelagic sediments that overlie pyroclastics and basalt flows in the Sulu Sea sites contain moderately to very poorly preserved radiolarians of the Calocycletta costata Zone. A thin unit of marine claystone was recovered from between the thick pyroclastics and basement rocks at Site 768. Radiolarians present in these claystones are rare and very poorly preserved. This radiolarian assemblage probably represents the C. costata Zone, although very poor preservation and low abundance make this interpretation equivocal. The radiolarian zones identified constrain the age of basin formation to late early Miocene or earlier. Spaulding, S.A., Bloemendal, J., Hayashida, A., Hermelin, J.O.R., Kameo, K., Kroon, D., Nigrini, C.A., Sato, T., Steens, T.N.F., Takayama, T. & Troelstra, S.R. 1991. Magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic synthesis, Leg
Radiolaria 14 Bibliography - 1991 117, Arabian Sea. In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. (Prell, W.J., Nitsuma, N. et al., Eds.), vol. 117. College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), pp. 127-145. During the late early Miocene to early middle Miocene, the Owen Ridge was uplifted to a sufficient height as to be above the realm of turbidite deposition. Monsoonal-induced upwelling appears to have been initiated during the Miocene. On the Oman Margin, the effect of upwelling on the microplankton was established by the middle Miocene. However, the effects of upwelling on the Owen Ridge region were not realized until later, in the early late Miocene. A transition in the upwelling regime took place between the Pliocene and Pleistocene. While the Miocene and Pliocene sediments are dominated by the siliceous component, the Pleistocene sediments seem to be dominated by the calcareous component. Spero, H.J. & Angel, D.L. 1991. Planktonic sarcodines: microhabitat for oceanic dinoflagellates. J. Phyc., 27/2, 187-195. Two morphologically distinct species of free-swimming dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Gyrodinium utilize the spine and rhizopodial environments of planktonic foraminifera and colonial radiolaria as microhabitats. Up to 84% of the sarcodines examined in a given population were associated with these dinoflagellates at densities up to 20,000 cells per sarcodine in some radiolarian colonies. Both dinofagellate species possess chloroplasts, indicating they are capable of autotrophy. 14 C-labelling experiments with the radiolarian-associated dinofagellate demonstrate that it can take up inorganic carbon under both light and dark conditions. Ultrastructural evidence suggests the foraminiferal dinoflagellate may be capable of phagotrophy. Hence, these algae should be considered mixotrophs. An unusual cytoplasmic extension used for attachment and possibly feeding occurs in the foraminiferalassociated Gyrodinium and is documented with electron microscopy. Ultrastructural examination suggests this organelle may be hydrostatically controlled and may be an extension of the sac pusule. Swanberg, N.R. & Caron, D.A. 1991. Patterns of sarcodine feeding in epipelagic oceanic plankton. J. Plankton Res., 13/2, 287-312. The range of in situ prey composition was determined in marine planktonic acantharia, foraminifera and radiolaria collected by divers, and quantitatively compared with the prey available, as determined by surface plankton hauls on cruises in the Florida Current, Gulf Stream and Sargasso Sea. A relatively large percentage of the sarcodines (60% of acantharia, 48% of foraminifera and 46% of radiolaria) had no detectable prey. Of those which had fed on identifiable prey, there was considerable overlap between sarcodine species in the types of prey captured. Nevertheless, some partitioning of food resources was evident. Foraminifera consumed greater numbers of diatoms and copepods than other prey types, radiolaria consumed more tintinnids and mollusc larvae and acantharia consumed mostly tintinnids. Copepods and their nauplii dominated the biomass consumed for all three groups, though mollusc larvae were significant for both acantharia and radiolaria. The results of parameteric univariate statistical analyses carried out on each major predator group and multivariate analysis on a species-by-species basis confirmed that there was evidence for some partitioning of prey resources among the major sarcodine predators. The partitioning appeared to follow primarily morphological rather than taxonomic criteria, however, and may have been at least partially a mechanical effect. Takahashi, K. 1991a. Radiolaria: Flux, Ecology, and Taxonomy in the Pacific and Atlantic. In: Ocean Biocoenosis Series. (Honjo, S., Eds.), vol. 3. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. pp. 303. Radiolarians settling through the oceanic water column were recovered from three stations (western tropical Atlantic, Station E; central tropical Pacific, Station P1 ; and Panama Basin, Station PB) using PARFLUX sediment traps in moored arrays at several depths. The taxonomic diversity of the radiolarian assemblages in the sediment traps was very high. A total of 420 taxa (including 23 new taxa) were found at the three stations; of these 208 taxa were found at Station E. The polycystine radiolarians generally reach the sea floor with little change in abundance or species composition, although slight skeletal dissolution occurs during their descent through the water column. The phaeodarian radiolarians, on the other hand, are largely dissolved within the water column; only a few species reach the sea-floor and these dissolve rapidly at the sediment-water interface. Most radiolarian skeletons sink as individuals through deep water columns without being incorporated into large biogenic aggregates. Because significant numbers of nassellarian and phaeodarian species are deep-water dwelling forms, - 71 - the diversity of radiolarians increases with increasing depth in the mesopelagic zone. The vertical flow of the total radiolarians arriving at the trap depths (in x10 3 individuals/m 2 /day) ranged from 16-24 at Station E, 0.6-17 at Station P1 , and 29-53 at Station PB. On the average 25% and 69% of the total radiolarian flux is transported by Spumellaria and Nassellaria, respectively, while 5% is carried by Phaeodaria. The supply of radiolarian silica (mg SiO2 /m 2 /day) to each trap depth ranged from 2.5-4.0 at Station E, 0.9-3.2 at Station P l , and 5.7-10.4 at Station PB. The Radiolaria appear to be a significantly large portion of the SiO2 flux in the > 63 µm size fraction and thus play an important role in the silica cycle. When the radiolarian fluxes at the three stations are compared with Holocene radiolarian accumulation rates in the same areas it became apparent that several percent or less of the fluxes are preserved in the sediment in all cases and the rest must be dissolved on the seafloor. Takahashi, K. 1991b. Mineral flux and biogeochemical cycles of marine planktonic Protozoa - session summary. In: Protozoa and their role in marine Processes. (Reid, P.C., Turley, C.M. & Burkill, P.H., Eds.), NATO ASI Conference Series, Series IV Marine Sciences vol. G25. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg. pp. 347-359. Since the first NAT0-ASI Workshop on the Ecology of Marine Planktonic Protozoa was held in Villefranch-sur-mer in 1981, a marked advance has been made in the study of shell-bearing marine planktonic protozoa. In particular, vertical flux measurements using sediment traps (e.g. Deuser et al. 1981, Takahashi and Honjo 1981, Reid 1982) have contributed to the understanding of marine ecosystems, and the material balance, and seasonal, interannual, and spatial distribution of plankton (e.g. Thunell et al. 1983, Be et al. 1985, Smetacek 1985, Pisias et al. 1986, Takahashi 1986, 1987a b c, Thunell and Honjo 1987, Leventer and Dunbar 1987, Gersonde and Wefer 1987, Sancetta and Calver 1988. Fluxes of biogenically precipitated minerals in the oceans, largely represented by biogenic silica and calcium carbonate, are important in global ecosystems. Both of the above minerals are produced in large quantities in marine environments and are partially entered into the geologic record. It should be noted that oceanic upper layer biological productivity has changed with time in the past: for example, significantly different productivity levels from those of the present day occurred in parts of the world oceans during the maximum extent of the last glacial age (Sundquist and Broecker 1985). Environmental shifts will likely cause changes not only in productivity but also in the preservation of sedimenting biogenic minerals to the sea-floor (Andersen and Malahoff 1977). Between production and preservation there is some remineralization of material into the water. The degree of remineralization will cause changes in productivity in a feed back manner. Takeuchi, M., Saito, M. & Takizawa, F. 1991. Radiolarian fossils obtained from conglomerate of the Tetori Group in the upper reaches of the Kurobegawa River, and its geologic significance. J. geol. Soc. Japan, 97/5, 345-356. (in Japanese) The Tetori Group in the upper reaches of the Kurobegawa River is divided into three subgroups, the Middle to Late Jurassic Kuzuryu Subgroup; the late Late Jurassic (?) to early Early Cretaceous Itoshiro Subgroup, and the late Early Cretaceous Akaiwa Subgroup. The Tetori Group consists largely of conglomerate and sandstone with minor mudstone. Late Carboniferous to Middle Permian radiolarians and late Middle Permian to Late Permian radiolarians were obtained from the lower conglomerate member. Late Middle Permian to early Late Permian, late Middle Triassic, and Jurassic radiolarian fossils were obtained from the uppermost conglomerate member. The influx of clastic materials from the accretionary complex suggests that a part of the accretionary complex was already uplifted and eroded in the late Neocomian. Thein, M., Ogawa, Y. & Akiyama, T. 1991. Finding of Cretaceous radiolarians from the block of sheared olistostrome in the southern part of the Shimanto Belt near the Ashizumi Cape, Kochi prefecture. J. geol. Soc. Japan, 97/8, 667-669. The Paleogene succession of the southern part of the Shimanto Belt in the Hata Peninsula, Kochi Prefecture, is composed of two formations, namely the Kurusuno Formation (Katto & Mitsui, 1976) and the Shimizu Formation (Katto, 1960). The two are fault bounded, whereas the Shimizu Formation is unconformably overlain by the Lower Miocene Misaki Group (Kimura, 1985). Matsuo (1980) reported plant fossils having the range from Oligocene to Middle Miocene in age near Tosashimizu City. Kimura (1985) also found molluscan fossils on the footpath from Iburi Village leading to
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