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DATABASE TECHNOLOGYAdvantages of OCFS over raw devicesOn Linux platforms, OCFS behaves much like a generic file system,and many of the native Linux OS utilities—such as mkdir, rmdir,mv, cp, ln (softlinks only), tar, and cpio—work the same way onOCFS as they do on ext2 and ext3 file systems. Administrators canuse an updated coreutils Red Hat Package Manager (RPM ), whichsupports the Direct IO feature to enhance the performance of theseoperations. Furthermore, the similarity of OCFS to the ext2 and ext3file systems in terms of its operations, look-and-feel, and behaviorcan help simplify Oracle RAC database administration.When compared to raw devices, OCFS provides several advantages.First, it eliminates the need to manage and set up raw devices,which can be a time-consuming, management-intensive process.Second, raw devices limit the number of database files that can becreated to 255. In comparison, administrators do not have such alimitation when using OCFS.Moreover, with a shared file system such as OCFS, the nodeswithin the database cluster can share archive logs, which helpsDisk Partition Raw device Symbolic linksDisk 1 (sdb)Disk 2 (sdc)/dev/raw/raw1srvconfigfilesdb1/dev/raw/raw2cmdiskfilesdb2/dev/raw/raw3sdb3spfile.orasdb4 Extended Partition Extended Partition/dev/raw/raw4system.dbfsdb5sdb6 /dev/raw/raw5 users.dbf/dev/raw/raw6temp.dbfsdb7sdb8 /dev/raw/raw7 undotbs1.dbf/dev/raw/raw8undotbs2.dbfsdb9sdb10 /dev/raw/raw9 undotbs3.dbf/dev/raw/raw10undotbs4.dbfsdb11sdb12 /dev/raw/raw11 example.dbfsdb13 /dev/raw/raw12 cwmlite.dbfsdb14 /dev/raw/raw13 odm.dbfsdb15 /dev/raw/raw14 xml.dbf/dev/raw/raw15indx.dbfsdc1sdc2 /dev/raw/raw16 tools.dbf/dev/raw/raw17sdc3drsys.dbfsdc4 Extended Partition Extended Partition/dev/raw/raw18control1.ctlsdc5sdc6 /dev/raw/raw19 control2.ctl/dev/raw/raw20control3.ctlsdc7sdc8 /dev/raw/raw21 redo1_1.log/dev/raw/raw22redo1_2.logsdc9sdc10 /dev/raw/raw23 redo2_1.logsdc11 /dev/raw/raw24 redo2_2.logsdc12 /dev/raw/raw25 redo3_1.logsdc13 /dev/raw/raw26 redo3_2.logsdc14 /dev/raw/raw27 redo4_1.logsdc15 /dev/raw/raw28 redo4_2.logsdd1 /dev/raw/raw29 xdb.dbfsdd2Symbolic links to raw devices under /opt/oracle/oradata/DBNAME/streamline the media recovery process because every node hasaccess to archived log files. Finally, OCFS can enable lower total costof ownership than raw devices because it is designed to ease managementtasks and minimize backup and recovery windows. Also,OCFS allows administrators to use the OMF and auto-extend featuresunavailable with raw devices, which enhances functionality.Limitations of OCFSOCFS version 1.0 supports only Oracle database–related files thatinclude redo log files, archive log files, control files, and database datafiles. OCFS also supports the shared quorum disk file for the OracleCluster Manager and the shared configuration files. However, usingOCFS for files that are not accessed by the Oracle relational databasemanagement system (RDBMS) server is not recommended. Also, Linuxbasedsystems could not take advantage of the Async IO feature forOCFS releases before version 1.0.14 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3Quarterly Update 4 or Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 Quarterly Update 6with the e57 kernel release. Oracle plans to release OCFS version 2 insummer 2005, and this version is expected to support the shared Oraclehome capability. It is expected that the further planned releases of OCFSwill be designed to support any type of files and to be fully compliantwith POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface for UNIX ® ).Disk Partition Mount point Database fileDisk 1 (sdb)Disk 2 (sdc)Disk 3 (sdd)sdb1sdc1sdd1/u01/u02/u03srvconfigfilecmdiskfilespfile.orasystem.dbfusers.dbftemp.dbfundotbs1.dbfundotbs2.dbfundotbs3.dbfundotbs4.dbfexample.dbfcwmlite.dbfodm.dbfxml.dbfindx.dbftools.dbfdrsys.dbfcontrol1.ctlcontrol2.ctlcontrol3.ctlxdb.dbfredo1_1.logredo1_2.logredo2_1.logredo2_2.logApplication Application environment Recovery logDisk 3 (sdd)Figure 1. Using raw devices to associate physical block devices with Oracle RACdatabase filesFigure 2. Using OCFS to associate physical storage partitions and mount points withOracle RAC database files106DELL POWER SOLUTIONS Reprinted from Dell Power Solutions, August 2005. Copyright © 2005 Dell Inc. All rights reserved. August 2005
DATABASE TECHNOLOGYIntroducing Oracle Automatic StorageManagementASM is an Oracle database file system and volumemanager that is built into the Oracle Database10ggkernel. It provides both a graphical userinterface (GUI) through the Oracle EnterpriseManager 10ggGrid Control management applica-tion and a simple Oracle SQL*Plus ®interface thatallows database administrators to use familiarSQL Data Description Language (DDL) commandssuch as CREATE, ALTER, and DROPto manage storage volumes or disk groups forOracle databases. Figure 3 depicts the associationof Oracle database files with ASM disk groups.ASM is designed to include benefits suchas the elimination of manual I/O tuning, theability to dynamically change storage resources,and automatic rebalancing. ASM also has thebuilt-in capability to automatically tune, rebalance,and rebuild storage devices on demand. 1Database administrators can save a significantamount of time by using ASM because ASMenables automatic management of these databasetasks—freeing administrators to addressother responsibilities.The next section provides best-practicesrecommendations for migrating a RAC databasefrom OCFS or raw devices to ASM. For step-by-step instructions onmigrating to ASM, visit Dell Power Solutions online at www.dell.com/powersolutions.Preparing for migration from OCFS or raw devices to ASMAdministrators should take into account the following considerationsbefore performing a database or storage migration:• Administrators should always create a full backup of thedatabase files using the Oracle Recovery Manager (RMAN)utility in case of data loss or system outage.• ASM is available only with Oracle 10g g Release 1 or later. Ifusing OCFS or raw devices with an Oracle9i RAC database,administrators must first migrate the database to Oracle 10gand then migrate to ASM.Disk 1(emcpowera)Disk 2(emcpowerb)Disk 3(emcpowerc)• For ASM migration, administrators need extra storage equal to orgreater than the existing database files and the archive log files.• Administrators can perform either a full database migrationto ASM or a rolling migration, depending on the downtimeEMC ® PowerPath ®devices withexternal redundancy Partition ASM disk group Database fileemcpowera1-->/dev/raw/quorumemcpowera2-->/dev/raw/ocremcpowera3-->/dev/raw/spfileASMemcpowerb1emcpowerc1DATADGRECOVERYDGwindow. In a rolling migration, each tablespace and data fileis migrated to ASM individually. During this process, somedata files and tablespaces will be using OCFS while othersare using ASM. Typically, this does not cause problems forthe RAC database functionality or performance.Best practices for migrating to ASMQuorumOCR locationASM spfilespfile.orasystem.dbfsysaux.dbftemp.dbfundotbs1.dbfundotbs2.dbfundotbs3.dbfundotbs4.dbfexample.dbfusers.dbfredo1_1.logredo1_2.logredo2_1.logredo2_2.logcontrol1.ctlcontrol2.ctlcontrol3.ctlArchive redo logsand flashbackrecovery areaFigure 3. Using ASM disk groups on Dell/EMC Fibre Channel storage for Oracle 10g g RAC database filesFor migration to ASM, administrators should verify that at leasttwo OCFS volumes are available to store certain cluster configurationand parameter files. Administrators should use an OCFSvolume instead of an ASM disk group to store Oracle server parameterfiles. In addition, the cluster voting disk and the Oracle ClusterRepository (OCR) files should be stored on an OCFS volume.ASM should be used to facilitate management of the Oracle databasefiles, but it does not provide a file system–like view from the OSof the stored files. Administrators must use either Oracle EnterpriseManager Database Control or the SQL*Plus interface to query thefile storage and its properties. Best practices also recommend that theOracle ASM library driver be used to present logical volumes to the1For detailed information about the architecture, benefits, and implementation of Oracle ASM, see “Enabling a Highly Scalable and Available Storage Environment Using Oracle Automatic Storage Management” by Zafar Mahmood,Joel Borellis, Mahmoud Ahmadian, and Paul Rad in Dell Power Solutions,June 2004; www.dell.com/downloads/global/power/ps2q04-008.pdf.www.dell.com/powersolutions Reprinted from Dell Power Solutions, August 2005. Copyright © 2005 Dell Inc. All rights reserved. DELL POWER SOLUTIONS 107
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Gigabit EthernetMulti-Gigabit Ether
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TABLE OF CONTENTSPOWERSOLUTIONSTHE
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TABLE OF CONTENTSDATABASE TECHNOLOG
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EDITOR’S COMMENTSRelational Bliss
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTTake Control with
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTInstrumented plat
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTinterface (CLI) a
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTIntroducing Dell
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTA query definitio
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTremote agents. Fo
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTError code Error
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTFigure 3. Wbemtes
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTSoftware Change M
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTDell UpdatePackag
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTFigure 5. Summary
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTIT Assistant UI I
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTFigure 3. Configu
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTConsole, Altiris
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTDeploying Server
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTAdvancing the Upd
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTallows administra
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTTime-Savings Vali
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTBENEFITS OF ALTIR
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTLANDesk Server Ma
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT• SEL event cre
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTAdministrators ca
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTUsing the DRAC 4
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SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTVirtual floppy me
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Page 74 and 75: BUSINESS CONTINUITYe-mail systems u
Page 76 and 77: BUSINESS CONTINUITYGalaxy and Backu
Page 78 and 79: STORAGE TECHNOLOGYWhen migrating fr
Page 80 and 81: STORAGE TECHNOLOGYwhich can lead to
Page 82 and 83: STORAGE TECHNOLOGYChannel ports; al
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Page 88 and 89: STORAGE TECHNOLOGYmemory manager wa
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Page 100 and 101: DATABASE TECHNOLOGYScaling Out SQL
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Page 114 and 115: SYSTEM ARCHITECTUREImproving Fault
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