Journal of Australia-China Affairs 2014

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dramatically increased financial assistance to the WHO, United Nations Ebola Response Fund and other organisations combatting Ebola to RMB 750 million (US$123 million). 44 Furthering these efforts, on 31 October 2014, China announced that it would dispatch an elite unit of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA)—with experience of the SARS outbreak—to build a 100-‐bed treatment centre in Liberia for 480 PLA medical staff to treat Ebola patients. 45 By way of contrast, the United States has provided US$175 million in financial aid, pledged a total of US$1 billion, 46 and has designated up to 4,000 members of the American military to build 17 100-‐bed treatment centres in Liberia, in addition to a 25-‐bed facility for infected medical personnel completed in November. 47 These comparisons have led to criticism that China is not doing enough to assist. 48 This is arguably legitimate: China has large investments in the three hardest hit countries, as well as being Africa’s largest trading partner. 49 In addition to state-‐driven efforts, there is a place for Chinese high-‐net-‐worth individuals to contribute to stopping the outbreak. As examples, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has pledged US$50 million and Microsoft co-‐founder Paul Allen US$100 million, together exceeding China’s total financial aid pledge of US$123 million. 50 Yet it is important not to lose sight of the significance of China’s efforts in combatting Ebola. According to the head of the CDCC, Wang Yu, this is the first time that China has offered assistance to foreign countries in response to a public health emergency, showing a profound change in China’s role in the global response to infectious disease threats. ‘The New Bird Flu’, H7N9 Novel Avian Influenza and Future Potential Threats All seemed quiet on the bird flu front until earlier this year. In March 2013, a novel type of avian influenza virus, H7N9, was identified in three people in China, two in Shanghai and one in Anhui Province. Chinese scientists isolated the genetic sequence of the virus, and following the protocol set out by the WHO’s regulations, immediately reported the emergence of this new influenza. China’s response was again swift and decisive: live bird markets in major cities were shut down, thousands of poultry farms were tested for the virus, and surveillance of symptoms in contacts of existing victims and poultry workers began. China actively shared the virus samples with the international community. Tracking the exact number of people infected with H7N9 has been a difficult task, but the latest official WHO tally, as of 27 June 2014, is 450 cases of H7N9 bird flu, including 165 44 Christina Larson, ‘China ramps up efforts to combat Ebola’, Science, 3 November 2014, http://news.sciencemag.org/asiapacific/2014/11/china-‐ramps-‐efforts-‐combat-‐ebola. 45 Megha Rajagopalan, ‘China to send elite army unit to help fight Ebola in Liberia’, Reuters, 31 October 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/31/us-‐health-‐ebola-‐china-‐idUSKBN0IK0N020141031. 46 ‘Asia ‘not doing enough’ to fight Ebola’, Al Jazeera, 4 November 2014, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2014/11/asia-‐not-‐doing-‐enough-‐fight-‐ebola-‐201411463611304800.html.47 Joel Achenbach and Lena H. Sun, ‘US Ebola fighters head to Africa, but will the military and civilian effort be enough?’, The Washington Post, 25 October 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-‐science/us-ebola-‐fighters-‐head-‐to-‐africa-‐but-‐will-‐the-‐military-‐and-‐civilian-‐effort-‐be-‐enough/2014/10/25/1ceba6a8-‐5b99-‐11e4-‐8264-‐deed989ae9a2_story.html. 48 Lionel Beehner and Prabhjot Singh, ‘China’s Ebola aid a mere pittance: Column’, USA Today, 11 November 2014, http://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2014/11/11/chinas-‐ebola-‐aid-‐united-‐states-‐pr-‐pittance-column/18882577/; Achenbach and Sun, ‘US Ebola fighters head to Africa’. 49 Ibid. 50 Achenbach and Sun, ‘US Ebola fighters head to Africa’. 20 JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA-‐CHINA AFFAIRS
deaths. 51 All cases occurred in Mainland China, predominantly in Zhejiang and Jiangsu Provinces and in Shanghai, as well as in Taiwan, Hong Kong and a Chinese traveller to Malaysia. 52 The unofficial FluTrackers website—which tallies case counts based on official Chinese government reports in the media—puts the total number of cases at 452 as of 10 August 2014. 53 Unlike H5N1, human-‐to-‐human transmission appears to have occurred in close family groups, but it has been limited and unsustained. 54 H7N9, however, is causing more concern for a number of reasons, such as its virulence, propensity to mutate and hidden-symptomology in birds. However, with limited human-‐to-‐human transmission, the WHO has not convened an Emergency Committee to investigate whether a PHEIC should be declared. Dr Keiji Fukuda, Assistant Director-‐General of the WHO, has noted that H7N9 “has not disappeared. [The WHO is] very mindful that when it gets colder again next fall [September 2015], we may see new H7N9 cases, possibly in new countries. It is premature for an Emergency Committee for H7N9, but we are focused on detecting new cases”. 55 Given the consolidation of H7N9 cases in the China region, this focus on detection has shifted heavily to China, as well as the burden of implementing response measures to reduce new cases. Public health measures such as shutting down the wet poultry markets in major cities are pivotal in stopping the transmission of viruses from animals to humans. Improved information systems, such as China’s immediate notification to the international community of an emerging new virus, are essential for preparedness. China appears to have been doing an excellent job in this respect, though tallies of the total number of infections and deaths have fallen to the media or groups like FluTrackers. China has demonstrated to the world that it can be trusted to handle infectious disease outbreaks that pose global threats, but there are still areas where improvements need to be made. To continue to build this trust, China must focus in on its rural regions, areas where contact between birds and humans is much greater than in urban areas. In particular, China should improve disease surveillance capabilities, access to healthcare (particularly economic accessibility) and quality of medical services in these rural regions to be able to quickly diagnose and identify new outbreaks. Implicit in this is the requirement that local public health education programs are developed to inform people living in rural areas about the symptoms of and treatment for avian influenza. With 600 million people living in China’s rural areas, it is absolutely essential to ensure that any outbreak is detected quickly and reported rapidly. China is also to be commended for sharing its H7N9 virus seed samples, as well as contributing significant research efforts to develop a vaccine against H7N9. These efforts so far have focused on China’s response in the early stages of surveillance and reporting a pandemic threat, however, the criticism towards China’s SARS response was also directed towards China’s containment and control efforts, in particular its compulsory quarantine and isolation procedures. It is essential that future control and containment decisions, whether for H7N9 or another future threat, are made on accurate scientific and public health information, such as the necessity or effectiveness of quarantine or isolation, as well as respect for civil liberties and freedoms, as articulated in the IHR as a requirement in 51 WHO, 'WHO Risk Assessment of Human Infection with Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus', http://who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/influenza_h7n9/Risk_Assessment/en/. 52 Ibid. 53 FluTrackers.com, ‘Human case list of provincial/ministry of health/government confirmed influenza A(H7N9) cases with links’, 10 August 2014, http://www.flutrackers.com/forum/showthread.php?t=202713. 54 WHO, 'WHO Risk Assessment of Human Infection with Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus'. 55 COPD-‐Hub, ‘WHO ratchets up its MERS response’, 8 July 2013, http://www.copd-‐hub.com/single-‐article/who-ratchets-‐up-‐its-‐mers-‐coronavirus-‐response/993e947d3067c9d568f14e0af4e0d56b.html.JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA-CHINA AFFAIRS 21
Page 4: The Journal of Australia-‐Ch
Page 7 and 8: 目录 ‘Bananas’: A Perspect
Page 9 and 10: 前言我很高兴能够为
Page 11 and 12: 中澳青年联合会致辞
Page 13 and 14: SECTION I ACADEMIC ESSAY ENGLISH
Page 15 and 16: From Eurocentric to Global: Int
Page 17 and 18: In May 2005, the WHA, the WHO
Page 19: contact stage, such as in wet
Page 23 and 24: Australia-‐China Cooperation
Page 25 and 26: China’s Increasing Demand for
Page 27 and 28: China-‐Australia Free Trade
Page 29 and 30: *1 No shipping distance data a
Page 31 and 32: hesitation to launch any prospe
Page 33 and 34: infrastructure, especially as a
Page 35 and 36: Prospective Investment Option: F
Page 37 and 38: Imperialism Within the Academy:
Page 39 and 40: “though he lived through the
Page 41 and 42: Appended in Fairbank’s biograp
Page 43 and 44: we find ourselves 'American imp
Page 45 and 46: more vigorously?” 50 Implicit
Page 47 and 48: these musings represented an ef
Page 49 and 50: mark the period when Chinese b
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1: Photo of a Chinese
Page 53 and 54: According to the recollections
Page 55 and 56: Chinese cultural events. Taking
Page 57 and 58: A Brief Analysis of Chinese Po
Page 59 and 60: she opposed racial discriminatio
Page 61 and 62: mainstream society. These organi
Page 63 and 64: Westernised. According to Austra
Page 65 and 66: With the passing of time, the
Page 67 and 68: In terms of the employment of
Page 69 and 70: manufacturing, because technologi
Page 71 and 72:
SECTION II ACADEMIC ESSAY CHINESE
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作为最容易辨识的标
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在此地的华人日常生
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从阅读习惯来看 , 华
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二战后华人在澳洲参
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中 , 苏震西打败竞争
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从移民结构来看 , 不
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酒。 6 一方面说明此
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部门都设有 “ 茶侍 ”
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从欧洲中心到全球化
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19 尽管 WHO 总干事具有
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下禁令 , 应该向每一
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的信息系统 , 如中国
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量和相对较小的国内
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LNG 产业中的中澳合作
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。该排名反映了经济
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40%-50%。 31 这些成本均
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MIMI 不再和项目合作
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协议 , 例如 , 由于国家
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易与来自中国或澳洲
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是如何唤醒了沉睡的
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费正清期待接下来的
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文化、以及世界上的
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会控制方式如保家系
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SECTION III OPINION ARTICLE ENGLI
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terms. It is a real struggle
Page 123 and 124:
Outside China, Inside the Natio
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superficially grasped. It was l
Page 127 and 128:
In Search of Common Ground: Au
Page 129 and 130:
Australia-‐China Agricultural
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Beyond the Great WallChristian
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‘Bananas’: A PerspectiveLouis
Page 135 and 136:
linguistic abilities in German,
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est solution is to cooperate r
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and strength of its ethics to
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interactions and mutual benefits
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SECTION IV OPINION ARTICLE CHINES
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人们总是喜欢去猜测
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从 “ 环太平洋 —2014”
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任何一个成功的广告
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南、菲律宾等周边国
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中国和伟大的户外活
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一个可共享信息的平
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照片附上的报道中 ,
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大利亚 “ 有必要拓宽
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当日澳方记者的观点
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以及悉尼大学中国研
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作为一个中国文化的
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SECTION V CREATIVE WORK ENGLISH
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pleasant memories of years past
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Meeting AutumnJia Xu Dr Jia Xu
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SECTION VI CREATIVE WORK CHINESE
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线索。花雨落漫天 ,
Page 177:
JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA-CHINA AFFAIRS
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Journal of Australia-China Affairs 2014

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