Leadership and Values in Language Education - Al Akhawayn ...

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62Proceedings of the 27 th MATE Annual Conference• "the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others tocontribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations ofwhich they are members". (R. J. House, 1996).• " a process of influence between a leader and those who are followers.”(Hollander (1978:1) whereby “an individual influences a group ofindividuals to achieve a common goal." (Northouse, 2004:3).• “the process of influencing the activities of an organized group towardgoal achievement.” (Rauch & Behling, 1984:46).• “a collaborative process of engaging the community in creating equitablepossibilities for children and their families that result in academicachievement”(Williams-Boyd, 2002:5).Leadership is “not a person or a position. It is a complex moral relationshipbetween people, based on trust, obligation, commitment, emotion, and a sharedvision of the good.” (Joanne Ciulla, 1998). Leadership is• “a social process in which one individual influences the behaviour ofothers without the use of threat or violence.” (Buchannan & Huczynski,1997:606)• “about articulating visions, embodying values, and creating theenvironment within which things can be accomplished.” (Richards &Engle, 1986)• “the process of influencing the activities of an individual or a group inefforts toward goal achievement in a given situation.” (Hersey &Blanchard, 1988)• “the process of making sense of what people are doing together so thatpeople will understand and be committed.” (Drath & Palus, 1994)• " a purposeful relationship, which occurs episodically among participants,who use their individual skills in influence, to advocate transformingchange." ( Kearns, 2005)¹Accordingly, educational/instructional/pedagogic leadership may be defined asmanagement or leadership in educational/academic settings. Moreover,educational leadership is used to help teachers evaluate the competing claims ofdifferent materials, syllabus and methods. From the above definitions, it seems,then, that leadership defines or approves the mission or goal of the organizationand typically involves an element of vision (Bennis, 1989). A vision providesdirection to the influence process. A leader (or group of leaders) can have one ormore visions of the future to aid them to move a group successfully towards this
63Proceedings of the 27 th MATE Annual Conferencegoal. In short, leadership is the capacity to translate vision into reality (Bennis,op.cit.).2. Leadership and ManagementLeadership is closely linked to the idea of management. No one can deny the factthat they are quite two different but complementary functions in education. Theyare in ‘free variation’ but they are in ‘complementary distribution’. There is ageneral agreement among researchers that there is a reciprocal relationshipbetween, needless to say, leadership and management, that is, an effectivemanager must have leadership skills, and an effective leader must havemanagement skills. (Bennis, 1989; Williams-Boyd, 2002).Management is a process that is used to accomplish organizational goals; that is,a process that is used to achieve what an educational institution wants to achieve.The key elements of management are (a) planning, (b) organizing, (c) directing,and (d) controlling. Some would include leading as a managing function(Williams-Boyd, 2002). It is worth pointing out that conditions imposed onmanagement are relaxed in comparison with leadership. Management is about“doing things right”, that is, working in a given paradigm to: “make things better(Lick, 2002). Leadership, on the other hand, is “doing the right thing”, that is,shifting a paradigm from “what is” to “what should be.” “Management isefficiency in climbing the ladder of success; leadership determines whether theladder is leaning against the right wall” Stephen R. Covey. Elsewhere, Covey(1990) writes: the leader is the one who climbs the tallest tree, surveys thesituation, and yells, ‘Wrong jungle!’ But how do busy, efficient faculty,administrators, and staff often respond? “Shut up! We’re making progress!” Thedistinction between leadership and management is best illustrated in thefollowing table:ManagementLeadershipPlanning and budgingSetting a directionOrganizing and staffing Aligning peopleControlling and problem solving Motivating and inspiringDomain of leaders is the futureSignificant contributions are madeto the long term developmentAdapted from Kotter (1998 cited in Lick, 2002:33)
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