Leadership and Values in Language Education - Al Akhawayn ...

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64Proceedings of the 27 th MATE Annual ConferenceJohn Kotter (1998) also claims that effective management carefully plans the goalof an organization, recruits the necessary staff, organizes them, and closelysupervises them to make sure that the initial plan is executed properly. Successfulleadership goes beyond management of plans and tasks. It envisions the futureand sets a new direction for the organization. Successful leaders mobilize allpossible means and human resources; they inspire all members of theorganization to support the new mission and execute it with enthusiasm. When anorganization faces an uncertain environment, it demands strong leadership. Onthe other hand, when an organization faces internal operational complexity, itdemands strong management. If an organization faces both an uncertainenvironment and internal operational complexity, it requires both strongleadership and strong management (www.answers.com).Warren Bennis (1989), on the other hand, interestingly drew 12 distinctionsbetween Managers and Leaders:ManagersAdministerAsk how and whenFocus on systemsDo things rightMaintainRely on controlHave a short-term perspectiveAccept the status-quoHave an eye on the bottom lineImitateEmulate the classic good soldierCopyLeadersInnovateAsk what and whyFocus on peopleDo the right thingsDevelopInspire trustHave a longer-term perspectiveChallenge the status-quoHave an eye on the horizonOriginateAre their own personShow originality3. Characteristics and Aims of Successful and Effective LeadershipWhat does it take to make leadership successful or effective? Early researchers ofleadership examined great leaders throughout history, attempting to find traitsthat they shared. Among personality traits that they found were:• Determination,• Emotional stability,• Diplomacy,• Self-assured,
65Proceedings of the 27 th MATE Annual Conference• Personal integrity,• Originality,• Creativity,• Intellectual abilities (judgmental ability and knowledge),• People-centered, with a focus on understanding human behavior,• Goal-oriented, self-motivated,• Willing to take risks, not to be sensitive to incompetence, and above all• Verbal communication ability (Speaking skills).Leaders are required to be effective communicators or should have effectiveinterpersonal communicative skills as well as public speaking skills asTannenbaum, Weschler & Massarik (1961:24) put it: "Leadership is interpersonalinfluence, exercised in a situation, and directed, through the communicationprocess, toward the attainment of a specified goal or goals.” Moreover, theyshould have persuasive techniques. You need to be able to use and adaptinterpersonal skills to different members in the campus community. Anothercharacteristic to successful and effective leadership is when it is run by a group incontrast to individual leadership. They should share governance. Someorganizations have adopted group leadership, a situation in which more than oneperson provides direction to the group as a whole. Some educational institutionshave adopted this approach in the hope of increasing creativity and reducingcosts.4. Aims of EL at the ‘micro’ and ‘macro’ levelsIt is axiomatic that leadership provides a useful basis for contemplating change inpractice. It is also useful to think of leadership at the ‘micro’ and the ‘macro’levels. This means that educational leadership, through its councils, shouldprovide the basis for planning at the institutional level. If we are able to handleshort-term development, it will help us for long-term objectives. Leadershipshould target short-term objectives in solving language teaching and learningproblems as well as long-term objectives in contributing to curriculumdevelopment. It should address not only practical problems that should havepractical outcomes but also approaches or philosophical issues of the institution.5. Requisites for Everlasting Change and Development5.1 No Effective Leadership without Teachers’ Contribution
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