Extraction Technologies For Medicinal And Aromatic Plants - Unido

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5 DECOCTION AND HOT CONTINUOUS EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES pends on many factors such as selectivity, polarity, boiling point, chemical and thermal stability, safety, fl ammability, and costs. Despite the economic advantages of solvent extraction, the use of volatile organic solvents such as hexane, acetone and methanol for processing medicinal plants has been limited due to environmental considerations. Hot continuous extraction technology shall always remain the method of choice for high effi ciency, economical extraction and with less capital investment. Bibliography Dung N. X. and Dinh, T., 2005, Extraction and Distillation of essential Oils, Processing, Analysis and Application of Essential Oils, 1st Edition, Har Krishan Bhalla & Sons Book Company, p. 59 Gamse, T., 2002, Lecture on Liquid-liquid Extraction and Solid-liquid Extraction. Available at: www.iq.uva.es/separacion/archivos/SkriptumExtraction.pdf Hazra, P. et al., 1989, Solvent extraction of Artemisia annua L. on pilot scale, Research and Industry, 36: 14-16 Kahol, A. P., Tandon, S. and Singh, K. L., 1998, Developments in separation technologies for the processing of medicinal and aromatic plants, PAFAI Journal, 20(3): 17-28 Pangarkar, V. G., 1990, Liquid-liquid contact operation: review of equipment, PAFAI Journal, 12(3): 13-17 Perry, R. H., 2003, Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook, McGraw-Hill Company Sambamurthy, K., 2002, Pharmaceutical Engineering (Reprint), New Age International (Pvt.) Ltd., New Delhi, p. 173-195 Schweitzer P. A., 1979, Handbook of Separation Technique for Chemical Engineers, 1st Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company Tandon, S. et. al., 2003, Pilot plant processing data for the isolation of artemisinin from the new variety of Artemisia annua ‘Jeevanrakha’, Journal of Scientifi c and Industrial Research, 62: 457-461 Treybal, R. E., 1988, Mass Transfer Operations, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 3rd Edition, p. 717 Wang, L. and Weller, C. L., 2006, Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants, Trends in Food Science & Technology, 17: 300–312 Warren, L. M., 1987, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Company, p. 531 106
EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS 6 Aqueous Alcoholic Extraction of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants by Fermentation Abstract C. K. Katiyar The history of the development of pharmaceutical dosage forms can be traced back to the Vedic era. It provides insight into the innovations made during ancient times when the crude herbs were initially used in powder form and later on they were used as decoctions, self-fermented products, paste, pills and other advanced dosage forms. New drug development involves the search for novel and new pharmacophores. Combinatorial chemistry cannot solve the problem in a satisfactory manner nor can the reductionist approach be applied to medicinal plants. Asava arishta, a fermented Ayurvedic product, is a good source of novel pharmacophores for new drug discovery. 6.1 Introduction The history of development of pharmaceutical dosage forms can be traced back to Charak Samhita, the fi rst systematic documentation of Ayurveda. Ayurveda has recommended a comprehensive Materia Medica including medicinal plants, minerals, metals, and products of marine and animal origin. However, the use of herbs has been given priority. Medicinal plants have been used for therapeutic purposes for centuries. Initially, these were used in fresh or dried powder form, which caused the problems of high dose, high volume and low shelf life. This led to the development of extraction processes. Extracts were found to be more useful as the necessary dose was less, the volume was low and shelf life was higher. Initially the solvents used for extraction were either water or alcohol, or their mixture. This evolutionary phase is continuing even today where solvents of all kinds of polarity are tried and extraction technologies have evolved from simple water decoction centuries ago to supercritical extraction. While this is true for some streams of products, Ayurveda did not exactly follow the same route but adopted a sui generis system of innovation. 6.2 Ayurvedic Dosage Forms During ancient times, various dosage forms were developed. The number of dosage forms that developed over time is given below: Charak Samhita (12 th century BC) 128 dosage forms Sushruta Samhita (10 th century BC) 129 dosage forms Ashtanga Hridaya (6 th century AD) 90 dosage forms 107
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Extraction Technologies for Medicin
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CONTRIBUTORS Chapter 6 Aqueous Alco
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Preface EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR
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Contents EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FO
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EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICIN
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1.2.1.4 Decoction EXTRACTION TECHNO
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• • • EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES
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14.4.3 TLC versus HPTLC Layers EXTR
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