Extraction Technologies For Medicinal And Aromatic Plants - Unido

More documents

Recommendations

Info

4 HYDROLYTIC MACERATION, EXPRESSION AND COLD FAT EXTRACTION Bibliography Anonymous, 2007, Brown International Corporation, Brown Oil Extractor Model 6100, 633 N. Barranca Avenue Covina, California. 91723-1297 USA. Available at: http://www.brown-intl.com/download/BOE.PDF. Anonymous, 1983, Food Machinery Corporation. Available at: http://fi les.asme.org/ ASMEORG/Communities/History/Landmarks/5549.pdf Cooper, J. W. and Gunn, C., 1975, Tutorial Pharmacy, Carter S. J. (Ed.), Reprint CBS Publication, Dehli, p. 255 Ganga, A., Pinaga, A., Quero, A., Valles, S. and Ramon, D., 2001, Cell wall degrading enzyme in release of grape aroma precursors, Food Science and Technology International, 7: 83-87 Ghosh, D. and Laddha, K. S., 2005, Herbal drug extraction. Chemical Weekly, Raghavan R. (Ed.), Sevak Publications. 602-B, K. J. Somaiya Hospital Road, Sion (Ed), Mumbai India, p. 185 Goodrich, R. M. and Braddock, R. J. 2004, Major By-products of the Florida Citrus Processing Industry. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS). Available at: http://edis.ifas.ufl .edu/BODY_FS107#beginning Guenther, E., 1949, The Essential Oils, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. 257 Fourth Avenue, New York 10, a. Vol 3, p. 6-75, b. Vol 1, p. 189-200 Kim, D. H., Kim, J. H., Bae, S. E., Seo, J. H., Oh, T. K. and Lee, O. H., 2005, Enhancement of natural pigment extraction using Bacillus species xylanase, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(7): 2541-2545 Mc Mahon, H. M., Zoecklein, B. W. and Jasinski, Y. W., 1999, The effects of pre fermentation maceration temperature and percent alcohol (V/V) at press on the concentration of cabernet sauvignon grape glucosides and glycoside fractions, American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 50(4): 385-390 Rotter, B., 2006, Prefermentation cold maceration. Available at: www.brsquared.org/ wine/articles/coldsoak.htm Sambamurthy, K., 2002, Pharmaceutical Engineering (Reprint) New Age International (P.) Ltd. New Delhi, p. 174-175 Cross, S.D., 1986, Citrus juice extractor. FMC Corporation, Chicago III U.S. 4,700,620, Oct. 20, 1987 Tsuchiya, T. and Nakamura, C., 1979, Acetocarmine squash method for observing sugar beet chromosomes, Euphytica, 28(2): 249-256 92
5 Abstract EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS Decoction and Hot Continuous <strong>Extraction</strong> Techniques S. Tandon and S. Rane The chapter describes the techniques, parameters and equipment used for the extraction of plants by decoction and hot continuous extraction. Principles, mechanisms, merits and demerits of conventional solvent extraction and accelerated solvent extraction are also discussed. 5.1 Introduction Of the traditional methods of extraction of medicinal plant material for making an aqueous extract, decoction is one of the most described. Decoction is a water-based preparation to extract active compounds from medicinal plant materials. In this process, the liquid preparation is made by boiling the plant material with water. Decoction differs from infusion in that the latter is not actively boiled. Decoction is the method of choice when working with tough and fi brous plants, barks and roots and with plants that have water-soluble chemicals. The plant material is generally broken into small pieces or powdered. Different methods have been described for the preparation of decoctions. In the Ayurvedic method, traditionally known as kwatha, the crude drug in form of yavakuta (small pieces) is placed in earthen pots or tinned copper vessels with clay on the outside. Water is added and the pot is heated on a fi re. If the material is soft, four times water is used per 1 part drug; if the drug is moderately hard, eight times water is used and if the drug is very hard, sixteen times water is recommended. The mixture is then boiled on low fl ame until it is reduced to one-fourth starting volume, in case of soft drugs, and one-eighth in case of moderately or very hard drugs. The extract is then cooled and strained, and the fi ltrate is collected in clean vessels. 5.2 Solid-liquid <strong>Extraction</strong> Process Solid-liquid extraction is one of the most widely used unit operations in the medicinal and aromatic plant industry. One example of solid-liquid extraction is the solvent extraction of herbs. This process, also referred to as leaching, is a separation technique that is often employed to remove a solute from a solid mixture with the help of a solvent. The insoluble solid may be colossal and permeable; more often it is particulate and the particles may be openly porous, cellular with selectively permeable cell walls, or surface-activated. The stream of solids being leached and the accompanying liquid are known as the underfl ow. The solid content of the 93
Page 3 and 4:
Extraction Technologies for Medicin
Page 5:
Extraction Technologies for Medicin
Page 8 and 9:
CONTRIBUTORS Chapter 6 Aqueous Alco
Page 11 and 12:
Preface EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR
Page 13 and 14:
Contents EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FO
Page 15 and 16:
EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICIN
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
1.2.1.4 Decoction EXTRACTION TECHNO
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
��
Page 45 and 46: EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICIN
Page 69 and 70: 2.4 Conclusions EXTRACTION TECHNOLO
Page 71 and 72: 3 Abstract EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES
Page 83 and 84: 3.6.3.1.2 Offi cial Extractor EXTRA
Page 85 and 86: 3.7 Infusion 3.7.1 General Consider
Page 87 and 88: 4 Abstract EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES
Page 95: EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICIN
Page 103 and 104: 5.5.2.2 Hildebrandt Extractor EXTRA
Page 109 and 110: • • • • • • • • •
Page 113 and 114: 6.2.7 Semisolids EXTRACTION TECHNOL
Page 115 and 116: ��
Page 117: Bibliography EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIE
Page 120 and 121: 7 DISTILLATION TECHNOLOGY FOR ESSEN
Page 139 and 140: 8.3.3.3 Literature on MAE EXTRACTIO
Page 147:
Page 150 and 151:
9 SOLID PHASE MICRO-EXTRACTION AND
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
��
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Plant name (part used) Saccharum sp
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
• • • EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES
Page 197:
11.9 Conclusions EXTRACTION TECHNOL
Page 200 and 201:
12 FLASH CHROMATOGRAPHY AND LOW PRE
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY C
Page 216 and 217:
13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY K
Page 218 and 219:
13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY 1
Page 220 and 221:
13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY a
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY W
Page 226 and 227:
13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY S
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY
Page 232 and 233:
13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY E
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY F
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY H
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
14.4.3 TLC versus HPTLC Layers EXTR
Page 255 and 256:
14.4.7 Drying the Plate EXTRACTION
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
show all

Extraction Technologies For Medicinal And Aromatic Plants - Unido

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?