Extraction Technologies For Medicinal And Aromatic Plants - Unido

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CONTENTS 1.3.5.3.1 Hydrodistillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.3.1.1 Mechanism of Distillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3.5.3.1.1.1 Hydrodiffusion . . . . . . 1.3.5.3.1.1.2 Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.3.1.1.3 Effect of Heat . . . . . . . 1.3.5.3.2 Three Types of Hydrodistillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.3.2.1 Water Distillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.3.2.1.1 Traditional Method of Producing Attar Using Hydrodistillation . . . . 1.3.5.3.2.1.2 Disadvantages of Water Distillation . . . 1.3.5.3.2.2 Water and Steam Distillation . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.3.2.2.1 Cohobation . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.3.2.2.2 Advantages of Water and Steam Distillation over Water Distillation . . 1.3.5.3.2.2.3 Disadvantages of Water and Steam Distillation . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.3.2.3 Direct Steam Distillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.3.2.3.1 Advantages of Direct Steam Distillation . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.3.2.3.2 Disadvantage of Direct Steam Distillation . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.3.3 Essential Oil Extraction by Hydrolytic Maceration Distillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.3.4 Essential Oil Extraction by Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.3.4.1 Pelatrice Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.3.4.2 Sfumatrice Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.3.5 Essential Oil Extraction with Cold Fat (Enfl eurage) . . . 1.3.5.3.5.1 Enfl eurage and Defl eurage . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.6 1.3.5.3.5.2 Hot Maceration Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modern (Non-traditional) Methods of Extraction of Essential Oils . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 40 40 41 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 50 51 51 52 52
EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS 2 Role of Process Simulation to Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, M. Fermeglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Process Simulation Goals and Defi nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Biotechnological and Phytochemical Processes Studied at ICS-UNIDO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Brief of Biotechnological Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.1 Alcohol Production from Biomass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.2 Soybean Oil Refi nery Process and Treatment of the Waste . . . . . . 2.3.1.3 Production of Synthetic Hydrocarbon Fuels Starting from Biomass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.4 Production of Bio-ethanol from Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 Brief of Phytochemical Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2.1 Citral Recovery by Distillation of Lemon Peel Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2.2 Menthol Recovery by Crystallization of Mentha Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2.3 Carvone Recovery from Spearmint Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2.4 Peppermint Oil Extraction by Steam Distillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2.5 Multiple-effect Evaporation of Milk Serum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3 Case Study: Turpentine Oil Batch Distillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.4 Case Study: Menthol Recovery by Crystallization of Mentha Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Maceration, Percolation and Infusion Techniques for the Extraction of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, J. Singh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 General Principles and Mechanism Involved for Crude Drug Extraction by Maceration, Percolation and Infusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Factors Affecting Choice of Extraction Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1 Nature of the Crude Drug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2 Stability of the Crude Drug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.3 Cost of the Crude Drug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.4 Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.5 Concentration of the Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.6 Recovery of Solvent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Quality Assurance of Extracts: The Extraction Process and Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Maceration Processes (Steady-state Extraction) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.1 General Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.2 Maceration Process for Organized and Unorganized Crude Drugs . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.3 Modifi cations to the General Processes of Maceration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.4 Large-scale Extraction Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.4.1 Circulatory Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 55 55 55 56 59 59 59 59 60 60 60 60 60 61 61 61 61 63 65 66 67 67 67 68 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 70 70 70 71 72 72 73
Page 3 and 4: Extraction Technologies for Medicin
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Page 8 and 9: CONTRIBUTORS Chapter 6 Aqueous Alco
Page 11 and 12: Preface EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR
Page 13: Contents EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FO
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EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEDICIN
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2.4 Conclusions EXTRACTION TECHNOLO
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3 Abstract EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES
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3.6.3.1.2 Offi cial Extractor EXTRA
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3.7 Infusion 3.7.1 General Consider
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5.5.2.2 Hildebrandt Extractor EXTRA
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6.2.7 Semisolids EXTRACTION TECHNOL
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Bibliography EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIE
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7 DISTILLATION TECHNOLOGY FOR ESSEN
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8.3.3.3 Literature on MAE EXTRACTIO
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9 SOLID PHASE MICRO-EXTRACTION AND
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Plant name (part used) Saccharum sp
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• • • EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES
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11.9 Conclusions EXTRACTION TECHNOL
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12 FLASH CHROMATOGRAPHY AND LOW PRE
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13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY C
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13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY K
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13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY 1
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13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY a
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13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY W
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13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY S
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13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY
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13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY E
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13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY F
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13 COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY H
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14.4.3 TLC versus HPTLC Layers EXTR
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14.4.7 Drying the Plate EXTRACTION
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