Comprehensive Endnotestion. (New York: Teachers College Press, 1982).18A. Colby & W. Damon, Some do care. (New York: Free Press, 1992).19See, for example, K. Phillips, Wealth and democracy. (New York:Broadway Books, 2002).20M. Berkowitz, “Fairness,” in C. Peterson & M. Seligman (Eds.), Characterstrengths and virtues. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).See also, L. Kohlberg, <strong>The</strong> psychology of moral development: <strong>The</strong> natureand validity of moral stages (Essays on moral development, vol. 2). (NewYork: Harper & Row, 1984).21Ryan & Bohlin, 3-4.22Paul Vitz, “Using movies to promote altruism among young adolescents,”1993, unpublished study.23Civics in Action, October 20, 2003, www.civicsinaction.org24R. Gula, Ethics in pastoral ministry. (New York: Paulist Press, 1996), 38.25G. Rogers (Ed.), Benjamin Franklin's the art of virtue: His formula forsuccessful living. (Eden Prairie, MN: Acorn Publishing, 1996).26Sommers.27S. Covey, <strong>The</strong> 7 habits of highly effective teens. (New York: Fireside,1998).28J. Wooden, Wooden: A lifetime of observations and reflections on and offthe court. (Lincolnwood, IL: Contemporary Books, 1997), 6-7.29Webster’s New collegiate dictionary, 1959.30J.J. Kikuchi, staff member of the Rhode Island Rape Crisis Center,reported the results of the Center’s survey at the 1998 National Symposiumon Child Victimization, Anaheim, CA.31S. Callahan, In good conscience. (San Francisco: Harper, 1991), 155.32Callahan, 158-59.33D. Kolomeisky, All about you: A character course for teens. (Gaithersburg,MD: <strong>The</strong> Whole Person Project, 1998), 193-94.34G. Rogers, <strong>The</strong> seven C’s of thinking clearly. (Midvale, UT: Choice-Skills,2001).35Rotary International’s Four-Way Test: “Of the things we think, say ordo: 1. Is it the Truth? 2. Is it Fair to all concerned? 3. Will it build<strong>Good</strong>will and Better Friendships? 4. Will it be Beneficial to all concerned?”,http://www.rotary.org/aboutrotary/4way.html36M. Berkowitz and M. Beir, What can work in character education: Aresearch-driven practitioner guide. (Washington, D.C.: Character EducationPartnership, 2004), www.character.org.37M. Berkowitz, et al., “Sociomoral predictors of adolescent substanceuse,” in H.D. Salzstein, Morality in the real world. COMPLETE38For a summary of these and other findings, see T. Lickona, “Whatdoes moral psychology have to say to the teacher of ethics?”, in DanielCallahan and Sissela Bok (Eds.), Ethics teaching in higher education (NewYork: Plenum Press, 1980).39Lickona.40D.K. Lapsley and D. Narvaez. “Character education” in W. Damon &R. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology, Vol. 4, (New York: Wiley,in press).41J.S. Leming & D. Yendol-Hoppey, “Experiencing character education:Student and teacher voices,” Journal of Research in Character Education,2004, 2, 1, 1-18.42H. Urban, “Honesty: Why It’s Still the Best Policy,” <strong>The</strong> Fourth andFifth Rs (Spring 1999), 4.43A. D. Prahlad, “No guts, no glory: Proverbs, values, and image amongAnglo-American university students,” Southern Folklore, 1994, 51, 285-298.44T. Lickona & M. Davidson, Character quotations. (San Clemente, CA:Kagan Publishing, 2004), www.KaganOnline.comChapter 5, Outcome 51R.M. Kidder, Moral courage. (New York: Harper Collins, 2005).2National Center for Student Aspirations,www.studentaspirations.org3U.S. Secret Service Safe School Initiative, An Interim Report on thePrevention of Targeted Violence in <strong>Schools</strong> (October 2000),http://www.secretservice.gov/ntac/ntac_ssi_report.pdf4M. Davey & J. Wilgoren, “Signs of trouble were missed in a troubledteenager’s life,” <strong>The</strong> New York Times, www.nytimes.com, (March24, 2005).5Public Agenda, Aggravating circumstances: A status report onrudeness in America, www.publicagenda.org (2002).6D. Isaacs, Character building: A guide for parents and teachers. (Portland,OR: Four Courts Press, 2001).7S.P. Oliner & P.M. Oliner, <strong>The</strong> altruistic personality: Rescuers of Jews inNazi Europe. (New York: Free Press, 1988).8D.K. Lapsley, Moral psychology. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996).9This teacher’s Respect Contract was based on the “Social Contract”developed by the program Capturing Kids’ Hearts,www.flippengroup.com10H. Urban, Positive words, powerful results. (New York: Fireside,2004).11G. Bear, Developing self-discipline and preventing and correcting misbehavior.(New York: Pearson Education, 2005).12J. Perricone, Zen and the art of public school teaching. (Baltimore:PublishAmerica, 2005), 8.13M. Berkowitz & M. Bier, What works in character education. (Washington,DC: Character Education Partnership, 2005.),www.character.org14M.S. Strom, M. Sleeper, & M. Johnson, “Facing history and ourselves:A synthesis of history and ethics in effective history education,”in A. Garrod, Learning for life: Moral education theory and practice.(Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992), 148-149.15Berkowitz & Bier.16101 giraffe heroes: Ready-to-read scripts about people sticking out theirnecks for the common good. (Langley, WA: <strong>The</strong> Giraffe Project, 2001).Chapter 5, Outcome 61Y. Shoda, W. Mischel, & P.K. Peake, “Predicting adolescent cognitiveand self-regulatory competencies from preschool delay of gratification,”Developmental Psychology, 1990, 26, 6, 978-86.2D. Goleman, Emotional intelligence: Why it matters more than IQ. (NewYork: Bantam, 1995).3Aristotle, Nichomachean ethics. Trans. David Ross. (New York:Oxford University Press, 1925).4J.Q. Wilson, <strong>The</strong> moral sense. (New York: Free Press, 1993), 81.5J.L. Hatcher & J. Scarpa, “Encouraging teens to adopt a safe andhealthy lifestyle: A foundation for improving future adult behaviors,”Child Trends Research Brief, www.childtrends.org (June 2002).224<strong>Smart</strong> & <strong>Good</strong> <strong>High</strong> <strong>Schools</strong>
Comprehensive Endnotes6B. Watts Davis, address to the Annual Safe and Drug-Free <strong>Schools</strong>Conference, Dallas, TX, February 6, 2005.7L. DeHaan & R. Trageton, “Relationships between substance useinformation and use prevalence and attitudes,” Adolescent & FamilyHealth, 2001, 2, 2, 55-62.8www.monitoringthefuture.org9http://www.hi-ho.ne.jp/taku77/sum/saugust_2.htm10www.alcoholfreechildren.org11Kaiser Family Foundation, U.S. teen sexual activity,http://www.kff.org/youthhivstds/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=13521 (January 2005) and NationalCampaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, Teen pregnancy: Not just anothersingle issue, http://www.teenpregnancy.org/resources/reading/pdf/NJASI.pdf (November 2002).12K.A. Moore & T.G. Halle, “Preventing problems vs. promoting thepositive: What do we want for our children?” Child Trends ResearchBrief (May 2000).13Hatcher & Scarpa.14R.W. Blum, “A case for school connectedness,” Educational Leadership,2005, 62, 7, 16-19.15Adapted from J. Lampert, “Easing the transition to high school,”Educational Leadership, 2005, 62, 7, 61-63.16Hatcher & Scarpa.17J.P. Allegrante, “Unfit to learn,” Education Week (December 1,2004), 38.18D. Pope, Doing school: How we are creating a generation of stressed out,materialistic, and miseducated students. (New Haven: Yale UniversityPress, 2001).19D. Pope & R. Simon, “Help for stressed students,” EducationalLeadership, 2005, 62, 7, 34.20Pope & Simon, 34.21Pope & Simon, 34.22Pope & Simon, 35-36.23J. Diggs, “Sex without marriage often ruins people’s lives,” OmahaWorld Herald (October 19, 2001).24J.R. Williams, “Ethical sexuality,” in T. Devine et al. (Eds.), Cultivatingheart and character: Educating for life’s most essential goals.(Chapel Hill, NC: Character Development Publishing, 2000).25M. Meeker, Epidemic: How teen sex is killing our kids. (Washington,DC: LifeLine Press, 2002).26S.E. Weed, “Predicting and changing teenage sexual activityrates.” Research report. (Salt Lake City: Institute for Research andEvaluation, 1992), WeedStan@aol.com27R. Lerner, “Can abstinence work? An analysis of the Best Friendsprogram,” Adolescent and Family Health, 2005, 3, 4.28www.bestfriendsfoundation.org29www.medinstitute.org30K. Napier, <strong>The</strong> power of abstinence. (New York: Avon, 1996).31Devine, Seuk, & Wilson.32D. Mack, Hungry hearts: Evaluating the new high school curricula onmarriage and relationships. (New York: Institute for American Values,2000).33<strong>The</strong> 1995 National Survey of Adolescent Males found that half of15- to 19-year-old males reported receiving oral sex, up from 44% in1988.34A. Jarrell, “<strong>The</strong> face of teenage sex grows younger,” <strong>The</strong> New YorkTimes (April 2, 2000).35D. Cole & M. Duran, Sex and character. (Richardson, TX: Foundationfor Thought and Ethics, 1998.)36Cole & Duran, 156-158.37O. McGraw, Teaching the whole person about love, sex, and marriage:Educating for character in the common world of our homes, schools, andcommunities. (Front Royal, VA: Educational Guidance Institute,2003), http://mysite.verizon.net/vzentk8x/egi/abstinence.htm.38W. Byne & B. Parsons, “Human sexual orientation: <strong>The</strong> biologicaltheories reappraised,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 1993, 50, 3.39G. Remafedi, “Risk factors for attempted suicide in gay and bisexualyouth,” Pediatrics, 1991, 87, 6.40Medical Institute for Sexual Health, Health implications associatedwith homosexuality. (Austin, TX: Medical Institute for Sexual Health,1999).41B. Groeschel, Courage to be chaste. (Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press,1985).42M.D. Resnick et al., “Protecting adolescents from harm,” JAMA,1997, 278, 823-832.43P.L. Benson et al., “Beyond the ‘village’ rhetoric: Creating healthycommunities for children and adolescents,” Applied DevelopmentalScience, 1998, 2, 138-159.44N. Starkman, P.C. Scales, & C. Roberts, Great places to learn: Howasset-building schools help students succeed. (Minneapolis: Search Institute,1999).45J. Mathews, “Why you shouldn’t teach moderate drinking,”http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A172-2004May4.html (May 4, 2004).46R.H. Hopkins et al., “Comprehensive evaluation of a model alcoholeducation curriculum,” Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 1988, 49, 38-50.Chapter 5, Outcome 71National Study <strong>Group</strong> on Citizenship in K-12 <strong>Schools</strong>, Every studenta citizen: Creating the democratic self, www.ecs.org (2000), 2.2Every student a citizen, 3.3Every student a citizen, 5.4Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning andEngagement, <strong>The</strong> civic mission of schools,www.civicmissionofschools.org (2003).5T. Martin & S. Richardson, “Making citizens out of students,” EducationWeek (May 7, 2003), 48.6.Martin & Richardson, 35.7For “Pathways to Civic Character,” contact Charles Haynes, FreedomForum First Amendment Center, chaynes@freedomforum.org.8J.F. Zaff & E. Michelsen, “Encouraging civic engagement: Howteens are (or are not) becoming responsible citizens,” Child TrendsResearch Brief (2002).9R.D. Nordgren, “Globalization and education: What students willneed to know and be able to do in the global village,” Phi Delta Kappan,2002, 84, 4, 319.225<strong>Smart</strong> & <strong>Good</strong> <strong>High</strong> <strong>Schools</strong>
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A Report to the NationSmart & GoodH
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ELC PRINCIPLE 4: TAKE PERSONAL RESP
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