Proceedings of the Workshop - United Nations Office for Outer ...

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Property rights allowed in the commercialspace activitiesReferring to the provisions of the Space Treaties Property rights to the space object acknowledged by theSpace Treaty 1967• Private enterprise is acknowledged its right to the space objectunder the provision of Article 8 (“ownership of objects launchedinto outer space, ... is not affected by their presence in outerspace”)• Some scholars maintain : because the Treaty prescribes thecontinuing supervision and jurisdiction of the States upon itsnational activities, private property is to be protected in the outerspace and celestial bodies. (M. Couston, “such protection ispermitted owing to the nationality registration which constitutesthe link between legal regime applicable on the earth to the spaceobject and the one applicable in the outer space.”)
Property rights allowed in the commercialspace activities (cont’d) The GSO use• Nation States have their own licensing regime for satellite systemusing the GSO• In the context of the ITU Convention and Radio Regulation, apresent user of specific orbit/frequency is able to keep the right touse and claim its right in the frequency coordination process.• Confining the right to use among the users is possible as the RRand domestic rules specify the obligation not to make the harmfulinterference.• There exists a orbit the value of which is higher than the others‣ such as the one for satellite broadcasting ; auction in the USAshows that market has been formed around the right to use theGSO
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PROCEEDINGSUnited Nations/Republic
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This document has not been formally
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IntroductionIn 1999, the Third Unit
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Governmental Official SegmentIntrod
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Opening Statements
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At the close of the workshop in The
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key treaties, new developments in s
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us to take another big step in our
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Closing RemarksI believe that this
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It is within this context that, tog
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United StatesNational Aeronauticsan
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Space Act Origins -Political Climat
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Space Act Origins - CivilianSpace A
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Scope of theSpace Act Act carefully
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Space Act: Variety of Applications
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Section 203(a): NASA shall:Applicat
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Application ofSpace Act Section 203
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JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATIONAGENCYUn
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JAXA Organizational StructurePresid
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Medium-term Plan (Services to the P
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Principles for Consolidation Priori
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Next Generation Main Launch Vehicle
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Using Space Technology to Help our
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Supporting the Development of Domes
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Launch ScheduleJFY 2003 JFY 2004 JF
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2ContentsI. Space related Organizat
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Space Organizations and Institution
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6► KARI (Korea Aerospace Research
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8II. National Space ProjectsPast Pr
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Earth Observation SatelliteNational
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12OMPSAT - IOSMI Image
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14Sounding RocketNational space pro
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Earth Observation SatelliteNational
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Geo-Stationary SatelliteNational sp
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III. Long-Term Space Plan1999KOMPSA
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IV. Current IssuesSpace Law► Kore
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Current issue25Future National Sche
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CURRENT SCENARIO• Uncoordinated a
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RELEVANT ISSUES• Legal and admini
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ADMINISTRATIVEINFRASTRUCTUREGoal :
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NATIONAL SPACE AGENCYImplementation
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UNITED NATIONS/REPUBLIC OF KOREAWOR
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The Space Activities ActThe objecti
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Space Licensing & Safety OfficeResp
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Australian Government Space Forum
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Ensuring Access to Space Services
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Growing the Private Sector• Satel
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operation: the Indian National Sate
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The trust areas of the proposed pol
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“Outer space was a new field and
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Another important forum in discussi
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interest in the utilization of spac
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1.3. Other Governmental Institution
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United Nations / Republic of KoreaW
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The Strategy• The development and
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Operational applications to support
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Training & Education Activities of
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Participants Trained in GIS and Rem
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A particular importance to the COPU
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The awarenessMorocco continues its
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The technical needs• UN or Agenci
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1. National Space Policy Internatio
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Thailand supports and has participa
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Main ActivitiesFollowing the object
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Origins and Characteristics of theS
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Origins and Characteristics ofthe S
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The Spirit and Letterof the Law•
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"Province of All Mankind"• Not th
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NonappropriationNo national appropr
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"Peaceful Purposes"on Celestial Bod
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• International law applies- Spac
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Questions,Comments?
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Principles Adopted bythe General As
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Different Kinds• Purports to stat
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How Are They Construed?Case-byby-ca
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• Pre- and postExamination of Vot
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Space Declarationsand Resolutions
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Space Principles Adopted bythe Gene
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Declaration of Legal PrinciplesGove
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Direct Television• AddressesBroad
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Remote Sensing Principles• “Pri
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Remote Sensing PrinciplesObligation
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Principles on Nuclear Power• Gene
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Principles on Nuclear Power Sources
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Declaration on International Cooper
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Declaration onInternational Coopera
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Questions,Comments?
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ContentsINTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OFA
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A. Non-appropriationINTERNATIONAL I
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C. Free for exploration &useINTERNA
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E. Internationalco-operationINTERNA
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4. State responsibility,liability &
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B. State liability:Article VIIINTER
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C. Registration spaceobjects & juri
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A. Military usageINTERNATIONAL INST
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C. Role IGO’sINTERNATIONAL INSTIT
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6. Formal clausesINTERNATIONAL INST
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7. The OST in a widercontextINTERNA
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What is ‘space law’? (2)INTERNA
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N.B.: ‘space activities’INTERNA
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the need for the general principles
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3. Obligations relating to Rescue a
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a) Rescue operations within the jur
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then it has to bear the expenses it
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Two, compulsory settlement of dispu
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Liability Conventionand national li
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Liability Convention and national l
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Page 255 and 256: Liability Convention and national l
Page 273 and 274: These agreements may• put the ris
Page 281 and 282: ConclusionsLiability Convention and
Page 283 and 284: Conclusions (3)Liability Convention
Page 285 and 286: Space Law Specialist segment
Page 287 and 288: Table of ContentsPART IOverview upo
Page 289 and 290: Non-Appropriation Principle : Histo
Page 291 and 292: Non-Appropriation Principle : Histo
Page 293 and 294: Inherent Limitation Absence of lega
Page 295 and 296: Part IIProperty Rights through the
Page 297 and 298: Civil Law Concept of Property The R
Page 299 and 300: Case for right to use without owner
Page 301 and 302: Property Rights and Market Proposes
Page 303 and 304: Efficiency in the property rights r
Page 305: Merit of Law & Economics Paradigm I
Page 309 and 310: SystemTransponder Number36-MHz unit
Page 311 and 312: Implication of the property rights
Page 313 and 314: Concluding Remarks and Discussion
Page 315 and 316: Discussion points As an appropriati
Page 317 and 318: RUSSIAN FEDERAL LAW ON COMMERCIAL S
Page 319 and 320: Commentary on Emerging System of Pr
Page 321 and 322: who are of the opinion that only na
Page 323 and 324: 3. ConclusionHere, I would like to
Page 325 and 326: In this commentary paper, what I wo
Page 327 and 328: Table of Contents1 Interpretation o
Page 329 and 330: Status of Outer Space TreatyIf Oute
Page 331 and 332: Implication of non-appropriationof
Page 333 and 334: Why private appropriationprohibited
Page 335 and 336: Obligation of StatesArt. I Free acc
Page 337 and 338: Analogy of Deep Seabed (1)Moon Trea
Page 339 and 340: De Facto Appropriation?OST Art. 8St
Page 341 and 342: Current Legal SituationCelestial Bo
Page 343 and 344: Example of Territorial Claim1 1976
Page 345 and 346: Measures taken by the authorities
Page 347 and 348: Towards Equitable Uses of OuterSpac
Page 349 and 350: Equitable Uses of Space (3)Other Ch
Page 351 and 352: Commentary on Emerging System of Pr
Page 353 and 354: The validity of this principle can
Page 355 and 356: The Outer Space Treaty sets forth c
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Art VI of Outer Space TreatyArticle
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VI Outer Space Treaty can be an imp
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A Commentary to the Article VI of t
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According to my personal opinion, S
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Nevertheless, the bearing of the re
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Article VII (International Responsi
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Article VI of the OST: General Feat
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Article VI of the OST: General Feat
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Article VI: Qualification of nation
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Article VI: The appropriate State
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Article VI : the obligation of auth
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Rescue Agreement1968 Rescue Agreeme
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Agreement. Any dispute would theref
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high seas. It imposes an obligation
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that the Launching Authority is und
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Finally, even though it can be argu
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3. The Permanent Mission of the Uni
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Discussion Paper:1968 Rescue Agreem
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Status on 1 September 2003• 88 St
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States with Obligations• Articles
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Scope of Application• Rescue Agre
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Rescue & Return of Astronauts• Ar
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Search & Rescue within territory of
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Return of AstronautsArticle 4• Im
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Recovery & Return of Space ObjectsA
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Expenses of Recovery & Return• Ar
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Rescue Agreement andCustomary Inter
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Reasons for Ratification - 11. Alth
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Reasons for Ratification - 33. The
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Conclusions• The provisions in th
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Second, an increasing number of sta
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not claim any reparation from Germa
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IV.Other Questions on the Rescue Ag
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Commentary to the DiscussionPaper
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1 Desirability of universalacceptan
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Increasing Commercial Uses ofOuter
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The necessity of expressconditions
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2 Rescue Agreement ascustomary inte
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Express Case (2)15 Jan. 1995 launch
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Easiness acceding to the RescueAgre
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Points Considered (2)Art. 4 shall b
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Current situation easier to ratifyt
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(1) Launching state 2States which p
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(2) Prospective Space AssetsProtoco
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The status of int’l organization1
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Liability Convention and National L
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with any certainty the extent of th
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“In the event of damage being cau
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influence over the operation and co
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the definition of “space objects
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entry of Cosmos-954 would be a reco
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present a claim. 97 If neither Stat
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Both the Australian and the Russian
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space object from the United Kingdo
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Figure 1. Summary of Liability Issu
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due diligence was exercised. 142 In
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place in international maritime and
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RICKY J.LEE & ASSOCIATESBARRISTERS
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Liability Convention1972 Liability
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Suborbitals / A ttem p tsSuborbital
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FaultArticle III of th e Liability
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Direct Dam ageLost time andearnings
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Moralan d Punitive Dam agesThe Unit
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Procedure:Right to ClaimRight to cl
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Dom estic ResponsesThe Liability Co
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Launching StateMost States refer to
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Com pulsory In su ran ceU.S.law req
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RICKY J.LEE & ASSOCIATESBARRISTERS
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IntroductionSpace Activities import
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Liability ProvisionsArt. I Introduc
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1. ApproachArt. I - define damageCa
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Domestic ImplementationA. Provision
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ConclusionThe Liability Convention
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informed research on the Convention
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1.4. Application of Article VIII of
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1. Provision of InformationArticle
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and with opinio juris after ratific
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Registration Convention• 12 Artic
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The Need for Revisions• Clarifica
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Launching state: transfer ofownersh
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Launching state: procurement• Dis
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Space object• The status of those
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Provision of information• Article
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Customary law• 45 parties; some a
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Conclusion• An important legislat
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2. The Rescue AgreementThe Workshop
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Annex IIProgrammeMonday, 3 November
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19:00 ReceptionTuesday, 4 November
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16:20 - 18:00Meeting Room (M-118)Go
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09:30 - 10:40Discussion and Observa
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Annex IIIUnited Nations/Republic of
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Family Name, FirstName20. Chung, Wo
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Family Name, FirstName40. Kang, San
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Family Name, FirstName61. Lee, Whie
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Family Name, FirstName80. Shin, Kak
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United Nations Office for Outer Spa
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