Proceedings of the Workshop - United Nations Office for Outer ...

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Commentary Paper onThe Convention on InternationalLiability for Damage Cause by SpaceObjects and The Domestic RegulatoryResponses to Its ImplicationFatimah Yusro HashimFaculty of LawNational University of Malaysia
IntroductionSpace Activities important nowadaysRegarded as risky and dangerousLiability most commonly discussedHowever, 1972 Liability Convention considered asinadequate in addressing:1. Issues of 3rd party liability;2. Private space activities;3. Settlement of disputes.States have to consider adopting Internationaltreaties as domestic legislation
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PROCEEDINGSUnited Nations/Republic
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This document has not been formally
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IntroductionIn 1999, the Third Unit
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Governmental Official SegmentIntrod
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Opening Statements
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At the close of the workshop in The
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key treaties, new developments in s
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us to take another big step in our
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Closing RemarksI believe that this
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It is within this context that, tog
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United StatesNational Aeronauticsan
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Space Act Origins -Political Climat
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Space Act Origins - CivilianSpace A
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Scope of theSpace Act Act carefully
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Space Act: Variety of Applications
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Section 203(a): NASA shall:Applicat
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Application ofSpace Act Section 203
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JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATIONAGENCYUn
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JAXA Organizational StructurePresid
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Medium-term Plan (Services to the P
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Principles for Consolidation Priori
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Next Generation Main Launch Vehicle
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Using Space Technology to Help our
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Supporting the Development of Domes
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Launch ScheduleJFY 2003 JFY 2004 JF
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2ContentsI. Space related Organizat
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Space Organizations and Institution
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6► KARI (Korea Aerospace Research
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8II. National Space ProjectsPast Pr
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Earth Observation SatelliteNational
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12OMPSAT - IOSMI Image
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14Sounding RocketNational space pro
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Earth Observation SatelliteNational
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Geo-Stationary SatelliteNational sp
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III. Long-Term Space Plan1999KOMPSA
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IV. Current IssuesSpace Law► Kore
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Current issue25Future National Sche
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CURRENT SCENARIO• Uncoordinated a
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RELEVANT ISSUES• Legal and admini
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ADMINISTRATIVEINFRASTRUCTUREGoal :
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NATIONAL SPACE AGENCYImplementation
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UNITED NATIONS/REPUBLIC OF KOREAWOR
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The Space Activities ActThe objecti
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Space Licensing & Safety OfficeResp
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Australian Government Space Forum
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Ensuring Access to Space Services
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Growing the Private Sector• Satel
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operation: the Indian National Sate
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The trust areas of the proposed pol
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“Outer space was a new field and
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Another important forum in discussi
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interest in the utilization of spac
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1.3. Other Governmental Institution
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United Nations / Republic of KoreaW
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The Strategy• The development and
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Operational applications to support
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Training & Education Activities of
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Participants Trained in GIS and Rem
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A particular importance to the COPU
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The awarenessMorocco continues its
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The technical needs• UN or Agenci
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1. National Space Policy Internatio
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Thailand supports and has participa
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Main ActivitiesFollowing the object
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Origins and Characteristics of theS
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Origins and Characteristics ofthe S
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The Spirit and Letterof the Law•
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"Province of All Mankind"• Not th
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NonappropriationNo national appropr
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"Peaceful Purposes"on Celestial Bod
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• International law applies- Spac
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Questions,Comments?
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Principles Adopted bythe General As
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Different Kinds• Purports to stat
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How Are They Construed?Case-byby-ca
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• Pre- and postExamination of Vot
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Space Declarationsand Resolutions
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Space Principles Adopted bythe Gene
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Declaration of Legal PrinciplesGove
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Direct Television• AddressesBroad
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Remote Sensing Principles• “Pri
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Remote Sensing PrinciplesObligation
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Principles on Nuclear Power• Gene
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Principles on Nuclear Power Sources
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Declaration on International Cooper
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Declaration onInternational Coopera
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Questions,Comments?
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ContentsINTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OFA
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A. Non-appropriationINTERNATIONAL I
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C. Free for exploration &useINTERNA
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E. Internationalco-operationINTERNA
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4. State responsibility,liability &
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B. State liability:Article VIIINTER
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C. Registration spaceobjects & juri
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A. Military usageINTERNATIONAL INST
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C. Role IGO’sINTERNATIONAL INSTIT
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6. Formal clausesINTERNATIONAL INST
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7. The OST in a widercontextINTERNA
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What is ‘space law’? (2)INTERNA
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N.B.: ‘space activities’INTERNA
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the need for the general principles
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3. Obligations relating to Rescue a
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a) Rescue operations within the jur
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then it has to bear the expenses it
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Two, compulsory settlement of dispu
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Liability Conventionand national li
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Liability Convention and national l
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These agreements may• put the ris
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ConclusionsLiability Convention and
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Conclusions (3)Liability Convention
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Space Law Specialist segment
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Table of ContentsPART IOverview upo
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Non-Appropriation Principle : Histo
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Non-Appropriation Principle : Histo
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Inherent Limitation Absence of lega
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Part IIProperty Rights through the
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Civil Law Concept of Property The R
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Case for right to use without owner
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Property Rights and Market Proposes
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Efficiency in the property rights r
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Merit of Law & Economics Paradigm I
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Property rights allowed in the comm
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SystemTransponder Number36-MHz unit
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Implication of the property rights
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Concluding Remarks and Discussion
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Discussion points As an appropriati
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RUSSIAN FEDERAL LAW ON COMMERCIAL S
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Commentary on Emerging System of Pr
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who are of the opinion that only na
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3. ConclusionHere, I would like to
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In this commentary paper, what I wo
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Table of Contents1 Interpretation o
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Status of Outer Space TreatyIf Oute
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Implication of non-appropriationof
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Why private appropriationprohibited
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Obligation of StatesArt. I Free acc
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Analogy of Deep Seabed (1)Moon Trea
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De Facto Appropriation?OST Art. 8St
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Current Legal SituationCelestial Bo
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Example of Territorial Claim1 1976
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Measures taken by the authorities
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Towards Equitable Uses of OuterSpac
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Equitable Uses of Space (3)Other Ch
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Commentary on Emerging System of Pr
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The validity of this principle can
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The Outer Space Treaty sets forth c
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Art VI of Outer Space TreatyArticle
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VI Outer Space Treaty can be an imp
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A Commentary to the Article VI of t
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According to my personal opinion, S
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Nevertheless, the bearing of the re
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Article VII (International Responsi
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Article VI of the OST: General Feat
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Article VI of the OST: General Feat
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Article VI: Qualification of nation
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Article VI: The appropriate State
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Article VI : the obligation of auth
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Rescue Agreement1968 Rescue Agreeme
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Agreement. Any dispute would theref
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high seas. It imposes an obligation
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that the Launching Authority is und
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Finally, even though it can be argu
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3. The Permanent Mission of the Uni
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Discussion Paper:1968 Rescue Agreem
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Status on 1 September 2003• 88 St
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States with Obligations• Articles
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Scope of Application• Rescue Agre
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Rescue & Return of Astronauts• Ar
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Search & Rescue within territory of
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Return of AstronautsArticle 4• Im
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Recovery & Return of Space ObjectsA
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Expenses of Recovery & Return• Ar
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Rescue Agreement andCustomary Inter
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Reasons for Ratification - 11. Alth
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Reasons for Ratification - 33. The
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Conclusions• The provisions in th
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Second, an increasing number of sta
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not claim any reparation from Germa
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IV.Other Questions on the Rescue Ag
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Commentary to the DiscussionPaper
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1 Desirability of universalacceptan
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Increasing Commercial Uses ofOuter
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The necessity of expressconditions
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2 Rescue Agreement ascustomary inte
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Express Case (2)15 Jan. 1995 launch
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Easiness acceding to the RescueAgre
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Points Considered (2)Art. 4 shall b
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Current situation easier to ratifyt
Page 441 and 442: (1) Launching state 2States which p
Page 443 and 444: (2) Prospective Space AssetsProtoco
Page 445 and 446: The status of int’l organization1
Page 447 and 448: Liability Convention and National L
Page 449 and 450: with any certainty the extent of th
Page 451 and 452: “In the event of damage being cau
Page 453 and 454: influence over the operation and co
Page 455 and 456: the definition of “space objects
Page 457 and 458: entry of Cosmos-954 would be a reco
Page 459 and 460: present a claim. 97 If neither Stat
Page 461 and 462: Both the Australian and the Russian
Page 463 and 464: space object from the United Kingdo
Page 465 and 466: Figure 1. Summary of Liability Issu
Page 467 and 468: due diligence was exercised. 142 In
Page 469 and 470: place in international maritime and
Page 471 and 472: RICKY J.LEE & ASSOCIATESBARRISTERS
Page 473 and 474: Liability Convention1972 Liability
Page 475 and 476: Suborbitals / A ttem p tsSuborbital
Page 477 and 478: FaultArticle III of th e Liability
Page 479 and 480: Direct Dam ageLost time andearnings
Page 481 and 482: Moralan d Punitive Dam agesThe Unit
Page 483 and 484: Procedure:Right to ClaimRight to cl
Page 485 and 486: Dom estic ResponsesThe Liability Co
Page 487 and 488: Launching StateMost States refer to
Page 489 and 490: Com pulsory In su ran ceU.S.law req
Page 491: RICKY J.LEE & ASSOCIATESBARRISTERS
Page 495 and 496: Liability ProvisionsArt. I Introduc
Page 497 and 498: 1. ApproachArt. I - define damageCa
Page 499 and 500: Domestic ImplementationA. Provision
Page 501 and 502: ConclusionThe Liability Convention
Page 503 and 504: informed research on the Convention
Page 505 and 506: 1.4. Application of Article VIII of
Page 507 and 508: 1. Provision of InformationArticle
Page 509 and 510: and with opinio juris after ratific
Page 511 and 512: Registration Convention• 12 Artic
Page 513 and 514: The Need for Revisions• Clarifica
Page 515 and 516: Launching state: transfer ofownersh
Page 517 and 518: Launching state: procurement• Dis
Page 519 and 520: Space object• The status of those
Page 521 and 522: Provision of information• Article
Page 523 and 524: Customary law• 45 parties; some a
Page 525 and 526: Conclusion• An important legislat
Page 527 and 528: ___________________________________
Page 529 and 530: 2. The Rescue AgreementThe Workshop
Page 531 and 532: Annex IIProgrammeMonday, 3 November
Page 533 and 534: 19:00 ReceptionTuesday, 4 November
Page 535 and 536: 16:20 - 18:00Meeting Room (M-118)Go
Page 537 and 538: 09:30 - 10:40Discussion and Observa
Page 539 and 540: Annex IIIUnited Nations/Republic of
Page 541 and 542: Family Name, FirstName20. Chung, Wo
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Family Name, FirstName40. Kang, San
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Family Name, FirstName61. Lee, Whie
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Family Name, FirstName80. Shin, Kak
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United Nations Office for Outer Spa
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