D E S C R I P T I O N O F W O R K - MEGAPOLI - Dmi

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<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520 primary and secondary contributions. The results will be tested for consistency with results from the emission inventory delivered by WP1. For this work, time-resolved BC/EC measurements will be combined with OC measurements tracing the primary emissions (e.g. WIOC derived from WSOC&OC measurement/ HOA “hydrocarbon-like” organic aerosols from AMS measurements). In addition, chemical, tracers for specific activities will be measured (e.g., levoglucosan for wood burning). For specific days, carbon-14 analysis will give valuable information on the biogenic and fossil fractions of organic and elemental carbon. Measurements at the urban background site (see Task 1) will permit to sample different parts of the urban area as varying urban air masses will be advected to the site (as will be displayed by urban scale CTM simulations with the CHIMERE model). In addition, advection of OC and BC will also be documented by flights with The ATR-42 upwind to the Paris region. Task 3.3: Examination of the evolution of aerosols and gas-aerosol interactions in the urban outflow of Paris (lead CNRS-LAMP, contributions CNRS-GAME, LGGE, and LISA, and PSI, FORTH, CNRS-LSCE, IfT, UHEL for flight planning and exploitation) Aircraft measurements will be performed with a highly equipped research aircraft during a dedicated summertime campaign. These data aim at documenting the evolution of the Paris megacity plume and especially the build-up of secondary organic and inorganic aerosol species from precursor gases. They will also allow for documenting how aging of aerosol particles modifies its optical and hygroscopic parameters, which is highly relevant for aerosol impact on regional climate. The following open questions will be answered : • How much additional SOA is formed (with respect to the rural background) as the megacity plume evolves over time? • Can SOA formation be explained by classical theory, that is by formation essentially from aromatic and biogenic precursors, or are additional pathways important ? In particular, can additional SOA formation from oxidation of low-volatility hydrocarbons be made evident ? • How many secondary inorganic ions (sulphate, nitrate, ammonium) are built up and in which extent do they influence aerosol properties? • What is the impact of aerosol aging processes on optical parameters and hygroscopicity ? These questions will be answered by following the Paris plume with a highly equipped research aircraft during up to two days. Typical flight patterns will be sea tooth like crossing the plume several times as it travels away from the urban area. Flight legs perpendicular to the plume time will be chosen long enough (50 - 100 km) to sample rural background conditions at the lateral plume edges. The main flight level will somewhere in the middle of the well developed convective boundary layer. The vertical structure of the convective PBL (which was found well mixed during previous experiments) will be addressed by flying profiles from ground to 3 to 4 km height (at least above the PBL top) and from backscatter lidar (pointing up or downwards) measurements on aircraft. The evolution of submicron particulate matter (organic carbon, including its oxidative state, inorganic ions) will be monitored by an airborne AMS with high temporal frequency. Simultaneous VOC measurements will be performed with PTRMS and will give access to abundances of anthropogenic (toluene, xylenes, trimethyl benzenes, etc.) and biogenic VOC (isoprene, MVK, methylacroleine), which will be used as tracers of either anthropogenic and biogenic emissions. VOC ratios with differential reactivities (i.e. toluene/ benzene) will be used as chemical clocks indicating the degree of photochemical processing of the plume. Additional VOC measurements on cartridges will allow to measuring a full suite of C4 to C9 VOC and additionally several oxidised VOC, part of which are direct SOA precursors. CO measurements will provide a quasi inert emission tracer, which will again be used relate SOA build-up to the anthropogenic emissions. In addition, ozone and speciated NOy measurements will indicate the photochemical activity and processing within the plume. In addition to aircraft measurements, the plume overpasses will also be sampled at the suburban site 30 km in the southwest of Paris, and, if funding allows (see above), at a more distant site at about 60 – 100 km from Paris centre. At these sites, instrumentation will again, as for the urban ground based site, allow chemical closure, characterisation of the size distribution, and optical measurements. Gradients in the chemical composition and size distribution will allow for assessing secondary aerosol formation and new particle formation within the plume. Flight planning and deployment of mobile labs will be performed based on meteorological forecast and especially based on 3 days in advance forecast with the CHIMERE CTM (in the frame of the PREVAIR system operationally operated by INERIS www.prevair.org). Task 3.4: Set-up of an integrated data base and use for model evaluation (lead: CNRS-LISA, contributions UHel, FORTH, CNRS-LISA+LSCE+GAME+LGGE, PSI, IfT, NERSC) The experimental data sets and analysed products will give strong constraints on process, 3D chemistry – transport and regional climate models used within the project: • revised “average urban” emission factors for EC and OC • an extended data set of urban aerosol chemical composition and size distribution and its seasonal, day to day, and diurnal variability • an extended data set for secondary aerosol build-up in the plume for well documented gas phase environments 37
<strong>MEGAPOLI</strong> 212520 • the related variability in optical parameters and in hygroscopicity These data sets will be combined with routine observations from the AirParif network in a data base hosted at CNRS. This data base will then be available to the whole project, for model improvement and evaluation within this task and within WP’s 1, 2, 4 5 and 6, as well as for integrated case studies within WP7. Approximately one year after the campaign (at T + 30), the access to data base will be free. In particular, experimental data will be used to improve process models for predicting SOA formation and predicting the evolution of the aerosol size distribution in the plume. Vertical profiles of pollutant concentrations will also be used to evaluate large eddy scale (LES) simulations of urban and near-urban boundary layer (NERSC contribution, WP2). Improved process models will then be implemented into air quality models. The ability of CTM’s to correctly simulate the particulate chemical composition for a variety of situations (including pollution episodes with low dispersion and/or high photochemical activity) will be thoroughly evaluated with the available data sets. As a result of this exercise, these models can then be used with more confidence for emission reduction and mitigation option scenarios. Deliverables D3.1 Database of chemical composition, size distribution and optical parameters of urban and suburban PM and its temporal variability (hourly to seasonal) (month 24) D3.2 Source appointment of major urban aerosol components (OC, BC, inorganic ions), including primary and secondary PM sources (month 27) D3.3 Effective emission factors for OC and BC for urban type emissions (month 24) D3.4 Database of the impact of megacity emissions on regional scale PM levels (month 24) D3.5 Evaluation of links between secondary VOCs and secondary organic aerosols of anthropogenic and biogenic origin (month 30) D3.6 Evaluation of state of the art CTMs using new experimental data sets (month 30) D3.7 Implementation of improved parameterizations of BC, OC emissions and secondary PM formation in CTMs (month 30) 38
Page 1 and 2: MEGACITIES • AIR QUALITY • CLIM
Page 3 and 4: MEGAPOLI PROJECT OFFICE OFFICIAL WE
Page 5 and 6: MEGAPOLI 212520 Table of Contents P
Page 7 and 8: MEGAPOLI 212520 PART A A1. Budget b
Page 9 and 10: MEGAPOLI 212520 Instrumentation Res
Page 11 and 12: MEGAPOLI 212520 T2: Investigate phy
Page 13 and 14: MEGAPOLI 212520 Local/urban ~1-10 2
Page 15 and 16: MEGAPOLI 212520 urban pollution hot
Page 17 and 18: MEGAPOLI 212520 for 40% of Italy’
Page 19 and 20: MEGAPOLI 212520 concentrates on enh
Page 21 and 22: MEGAPOLI 212520 processes of the ur
Page 23 and 24: MEGAPOLI 212520 The current state-o
Page 25 and 26: MEGAPOLI 212520 4) Impact of megaci
Page 27 and 28: MEGAPOLI 212520 processes can no lo
Page 29 and 30: MEGAPOLI 212520 CAIR4HEALTH and ENV
Page 31 and 32: MEGAPOLI 212520 B.1.3.4 Work packag
Page 33 and 34: MEGAPOLI 212520 D2.6 D2.7 D3.1 D3.2
Page 35 and 36: MEGAPOLI 212520 D8.3 Assessment of
Page 37 and 38: MEGAPOLI 212520 inventories. This m
Page 39: MEGAPOLI 212520 WP3: Megacity Plume
Page 43 and 44: MEGAPOLI 212520 -specific and sourc
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Page 53 and 54: MEGAPOLI 212520 WP9: Dissemination
Page 55 and 56: MEGAPOLI 212520 B.1.3.7 Summary of
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Page 63 and 64: MEGAPOLI 212520 T4.3 Interactions b
Page 65 and 66: MEGAPOLI 212520 B2. Implementation
Page 67 and 68: MEGAPOLI 212520 Table 2.2 MEGAPOLI
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Page 73 and 74: MEGAPOLI 212520 modelling and envir
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Page 89 and 90: MEGAPOLI 212520 including chemistry
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MEGAPOLI 212520 meteorological and
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MEGAPOLI 212520 environmental conve
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MEGAPOLI 212520 subjects are dynami
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MEGAPOLI 212520 UK MetO KCL UCam UH
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MEGAPOLI 212520 15 MetO W. Collins,
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MEGAPOLI 212520 11. USEPA-AR: US-En
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MEGAPOLI 212520 member states. In t
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MEGAPOLI 212520 B3 Expected impacts
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MEGAPOLI 212520 The scientific know
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MEGAPOLI 212520 European and other
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MEGAPOLI 212520 for applying, obtai
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MEGAPOLI 212520 B5. Consideration o
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MEGAPOLI 212520 Galmarini S., Vilà
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MEGAPOLI 212520 Schaap, M, van Loon
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MEGAPOLI 212520 Appendix 1: Specifi
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MEGAPOLI 212520 Appendix 2: List of
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MEGAPOLI 212520 DMS Dimethyl sulphi
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MEGAPOLI 212520 INTAS The Internati
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MEGAPOLI 212520 PMC Project Managem
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MEGAPOLI 212520 UTLS Upper Troposph
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April 12, 2007 To whom it may conce
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Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering
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To whom it may concern: April 26, 2
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FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
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30 April 2007 To whom it may concer
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